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 BOLOOKA 117 BOLSHEVISM

president has a cabinet consisting of six ministers; to describe the extreme Left Communist move- the Chamber of Deputies consists of 70 deputies, ment, which was originated in 1903 as a result of The three territories are governed by three officials a split which occurred in the Russian Social Demo- called delegadoa nacionalea. cratic party at the convention of its delegates held

Education. — Primary education, which is free and at London. At that time the dissension between compulsory, is imder the care of municipalities and the two opposing factions was mainly cbnfined to the state. Li 1918 there were 450 elementary questions of tactics and organization, the outvoted schools with 3,960 teachers and 58,400 pupils. For group of delegates having assumed the name of secondary education there were 21 colleges, 6 Mensheviki, meaning those adhering to the mi- derical institutions, 5 private lyceuftis with 180 nority. Both factions, however, even in those days, teachers and 2^98 pupils; for higher education proclaimed social revolution as their fundamental there were 19 institutions and 2 universities (at aim. Because of Russia's backward economic con- Sucre and La Paz), also a National Conservatory dition, the leaders of Bolshevism realized that an at La Paz with a war college for officers, i^unded immediate attempt to put the Communist program in 1917. In 1918 the State spent 3,020,672 holivianoa into effect would inevitably result in a failure for educational purposes. The National School of (see Lenin's "Two Tactics^" 1905). Therefore, the Conmierce at La Paz, founded in 1910, is a step Bolsheviki, in full agreement with the other So- toward the commercial training of girls as well as cialist groups, strove to achieve what was termed of boys. "the complete liberation of the working classes''

Recent Histoby. — ^The boundary disputes of through a political revolution; i. e., the overthrow Bolivia with Brazil and Chile were settled by of the imperial regime in Russia, treaties in November, 1913, and Octover, 1914. The In 1905 the first practical endeavor was made to dispute about the Arica territory remains to be apply Communist tactics to the revolutionary settled. The controversy is actually between Chile movement which broke out in Russia partly be- and Peru, but Bohvia claimed possession of a port cause of the unfortimate developments of the in this province, a claim which Peru protested, the Russo-Japanese War. In the fall of 1905 the revo- trouble culminating in 1019 in the attack by a mob lutionary elements in Petrograd and Moscow, on the Peruvian legation. The United States in- guided by Trotzky (Bronstein), Parvus (Helfandt), tervened as peacemaker and the Brazilian Govern- and a number of other aliens and professional ment offered to arbitrate. During the European revolutionists, set up the first Soviet (q.v.) in War Bolivia joined the allies by severing all rela- Petrograd, challenging the imperial Government tions with Germany and was one of the signatories and attempting its overthrow. Since then Bol- to the Treaty of Versailles. ^ shevism has become the living expression of "class

During July, 1920, there was a revolution in war," in accord with the principles outlined by the Bolivia. By a coup d*etat the President, Sefior G. stepfather of Communism, Karl Marx, in his "Com- Guerra, leader of the Liberal party, was driven from munist Manifesto" (1847). Thus, despite the fact power with his government, and several Republican that the leaders of Bolshevism were cognizant of leaders, with Senor Saaveara at their head, seized the impossibility of achieving an immediate radical control of the capital and of the country. Sefior change in the social structure of Russia, the prac- Saavedra became Provisional President and de- tical workings of Bolshevism were mainly directed Glared that he was in favor of obtaining a Pacific toward the abolition of private property, with the port for Bolivia, but onty through an amicable ultimate aim of establishmgthe so-called "dictator- agreement with both Chile and Peru. He was ship of the proletariat." The defeat of the first finally elected President for the term 1921-1925. revolutionary outbreak in Russia drove Bolshevism

imderground, its activities having been limited pri-

Bologna, Abchdiocese of (Bononisnsis; cf. C. marily to revolutionary progapanda among the £., II-G39c), in the province of the same name, in working class in Western Europe. In this coimec- Italy. This see was filled by the late Pope Benedict tion the extreme factions of (jrerman Social Democ- XV, from 16 December, 1907, until his election to racy and French Revolutionary Sjmdicalism, led the papacy. He was succeeded by His Eminence by Georges Sorel and Lagardelle, came to the assis- Gior^^io Cardinal Gusmini, b. at Gazzani^, 1855, tance of Bolshevism, paving the way for a revolu- ordamed 1878, appointed Bishop of Foligno, 15 tionary Internationale, which later became known April, 1910, promoted to Bologna, 8 Septembers as the "Third Internationale," the inhibition of 1914, died 24 August, 1921. The Pope appointed which dates back to the time of the convocation his successor upon the feast of the patron of the of the Zimmerwald Conference in 1916. The lead- archdiocese, St. Petronius, 4 October, 1921, in the ing spirits of this Conference, summoned in the person of Mgr. Nasalli Rocca, his private chap- midst of the World War, were Lenin (Oulianov), lain. Bom in Piacenza in 1872, Archbishop Rocca Radek (Sobelsohn), Rakovsky, Ganetzky (Fursten- spent the early years of his ministry in Rome at the berg) and Martov (Zederbaum). It was there that Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici and as canon of the first plan was formulated to convert the World the Patriarchal Basilica of St. Maria Maggiore and War into a world revolution. '

on 25 January, 1907, he was appointed Bishop of Although in the final draft on the Manifesto, Gubbio, where he served until he was called to addressed to the laboring classes, the Zimmerwald the pontifical court. By a decree of the Consistory, Conference omitted the appeal for "direct action" 3 January, 1917, the limits of the diocese were and mutiny j nevertheless, one of its theses urged somewhat changed, and on 15 February of the the proletanat to devote its entire enerpr to "the same year, important indulgences were granted to sacred aims of Socialism, for the liberation of op- the church of St. Benedict. By 1921 statistics the pressed peoples and enslaved classes by means of diocese counts 185,400 Catholics and comprises 392 an uncompromising proletarian class war." This parishes, 640 secular and 65 regular clergy, 640 practically meant a victory for the left wing ele- seminarians, 24 brothers, 287 Sisters, 1,175 churches ments at the Conference, whose motto was thus or chapels. formulated by Radek: "The struggle for peace

simultaneously must assume the shape of a revolu-

Bdlflhoylsm. — ^The term derived from the Rus- tionary struggle against capitalism." This pro- word BoUhinstvo, meaning majority; it is used gram of world revolution was further elucidated