Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 16.djvu/93

 SYNOPTICS

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TIBET

by Colo or Kol (Charles ?), who resigned in 1257 and was succeeded by Bisliop Finved (1257-75). About 1268 the Dominican priory at Strengnas was founded. lu 1291 Bishop Anund (1275-91) consecrated the cathedral, which was burnt down on the same day, and rebuilt by Isarus, the next bishop (1291-1308). In 1.305 it was decided that the city of Stockholm belonged to Upsala, but that Sodermalm belonged to Strengnas.

The most famous of the later bishops was Conrad Rogge (1479-1501), a doctor of Perugia and a learned humanist. He built the present cathedral choir about 14S1, and founded a charterhouse at Svartsjo about 1493 and a hospital for aged and infirm priests at Strengnas in 1490. In 1495 he had the Breviary of Strengnas printed at Stockholm in a revised edition. His successor, Matthias Grsgerson Lilje, was the protector^pf "the Swedish Luther", Olaus Petri Phase (b. at Orebro, 1493), who, having studied as a disciple of Luther and Melanothon at Witten- berg (1516-18), returned to Strengnas in 1519. The bishop made him chancellor of tlic diocese and master of the cathedral school, and in 1520 he was ordained deacon and became canon of Strengnas. There he taught Lutheranism, with which heresy Bishop Gre- gerson was entirely unacquainted. On S \ov., 1520, that unfortunate prelate was beheaded during the massacre at Stockholm. King Christian II gave the bisliopric to Jens Andersen Beldenak, Bishop of Odense, who, however, returned to Denmark in April, 1.521. During the vacancy the diocese was governed by Laurent ius Andrea; who had become archdeacon of Strengnas in 1520. He greatly favoured Olaus Petri, and as chancellor of King Gustavus Vasa (1523) he promoted the interests of Protestant- ism. The last Catholic Bishop of Strengnas, if he can be called so, was Magnus Sommar (1528-36), dean of Strengnas in 1518, nominated bishop by Gustavus Vasa in 1522, and consecrated without papal con- firmation by Petrus Magni, Bishop of Westeraas, 6 Jan., 1528. Messenius states that the bis!iops elect signed a document in which they promised to go to Rome to seek papal confirmation, and thus persuaded Petrus Magni to proceed to the consecration. Mag- nus Sommar was very submissive towards the king, but his concessions did not save him. For a slight offense he"w;i8 deposed and imprisoned, and only re- leased in order that he might retire to the monastery of Krokek.

The cathedral of Strengnas with its numerous chapels, one of which now contains a fine museum of

ecclesiastical art, the bishop's palace, built about 1490, now the cathedral school, the fine Church of St. Nicholas at the interesting old town of Orebro, and numerous ancient village cliurches bear witness to the piety of the inhabitants in Cathoho times. Three provincial synods were held at Telge in the Diocese of Strengnas in 1279, 1341, and 1380. The first, two issued statutes on matters concerning the discipline of the clergj-, while the synod of 1380 threatened with divers penalties those wlio molested the tenants of church lands. The "Sodermannalagen", a code of laws published early in the fourteenth century for the people of Siidermanland, contains a number of eccle- siastical laws. Among other institutions, there was in the diocese the chapter of the cathedral, founded about 1288, which counted thirteen members at the end of the fifteenth century, besides which there were at least eighteen chaplains, who served the eighteen altars. To the institutions mentioned throughout the article must be added the charterhouse of Mariefred (1491- 1526), and the CarmeUte priory of Orebro founded in 1418.

Pertz, Monumenia fjermaiiia; historica; Script., II (Hanover, 1829); Viia S. Anskarii, cc. i, xi, xxv, x.wii, pp. 697, 710-12; JoRGEN'SEN, Den nordishe Kirkes GrundlTggelse (2 vols., Copen- haifen 1S7+-7S): .Smpforcs rrrijm ^rwnriim. 11 (Upsala, 1S2.S), .■^77_(i1-t- IIT '1^7i;> 2^n-=i3: T\n>-nKTi"-, !<^ul,-r,j,„„l,i„,h Min-

Ma

(Lund, -Lagen
 * Reu-

TERDAUL. Statula ^yiw!'! 1S41); .ScHLYTER, Sweri:. (Lund. 1838); Hall, Bi ! den (Gefle, 1899); LnxDyi. ., .- u ::.::: inll.-,i (Stock- holm. 1897); Ahlenius, Sceriui., IV uStuckholm, 1909); Acta SS., June, II (.\lltwerp, 1688), 598-600; July, VI (1729). 633-38.

A. W. Taylor.

Synoptics. — In answer to questions about the mu- tual rel:itioiis between the first three Gospels, the Biblical Commission (q. v.), decided (26 June, 1913), that it is not inconsistent with their decisions already issued to explain the similarities or dissimilarities between these Gospels, to dispute freely the various conflicting opinions of authors, and to appeal to hypotheses of oral or written tradition, or to the de- pendence of one Gospel on another or on both that preceded it. The hypotheses known as the "two sources" is no longer tenable: to wit, the attemjit to explain the composition of the Greek Gospel of Mat- thew and the Gospel of Luke mainly by their de- pendence on the Gospel of .Mark and on the so-called Sayings of the Lord.

Ada Apoatolica: Scdis, V (1913); Home, .XIV (1913).

Tallagbt, Monastery of. — The name Tallaght (Irish Tartilnchtri), derived from (am, plague, and Iriiil, stone monument, records the burial ))lace of some of the earliest inhabitants of Ireland, the Parthalonians, who were swept off by a plague about A. M. 2600. Tallaght is situated in the barony of Uppereross, 5 miles south of Dublin. The monastery was founded by St. Maelruain (d. 7 July, 792), the site having been given in honour of ("od and St. Michael by Cellach (d. 18 July, 771) of the Ui Donnchada, grandson of a Leinster king, Donogh (d. 726). One of Maelruain's companions was St. Aengua the Culdee (q. v.), who with him compiled the "Marlyrology of Tallaght". Other saints a.s.sociated with T;illaght were .\irennan (10 February), second abbot; Eochaid (2S .January), second bishop; Jo.seph (5 January); and DIchull (d. 889). In 1179 Tallaght, with its subsidiary chapels of Killohan and St. Bride's, w.as united to ihe .\rch- diocese of Dublin by a Bull of .Mcxaixler III (20 .Vpril, 1179). In 1223 Ihe deanery of Tallaght was annexed to St. Patrick's Cathedral by .Vrchbishop Henry do

Loimdres. In 1324 .\Iexander de Bicker built or restored an archiepiscopal manor at Tallaght, which was fortified later to protect the English in Dublin from Ihe attacks of the O'Byrnes. .\t the Reforma- tion it pa.ssed mto the hands of the Protestant .\rch- bishops; its ruins and grounds were acquired in 184"2 by the Dominicans, who have erected a novitiate and church there.

.^RCHDALL, Monasticon hibernicum, ed. Morav (Dublin, 1873); FiTzoERALD in Joum. KM. Archaot. Soc., V (Dublin, 1908); D'Alton, Hist, of Co. Dublin, 761 sqq.

A. A. MacErlean.

Tibet, Mis.sionaries, Language, and Literature OF. — The missionaries of Tibet were the first Tibetan scholars. The .Jesuit Ilippolito Desideri laid the foundation of Christian 'I'ibetan literature by the composition (1716-21) of two apologetic works, one against the erroneous belief that everybody could be saved by his own religion, the other ag;iinst trans- migration of souls. The Capuchin Francesco Orazio della Pcnna (b. 16S1; d. at Patan in Nepal, 1745)