Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 16.djvu/47

 CROSS

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CUYO

and 1870. At present- they have 40 cstabhshment8 in Belgium, IS in the German Kinpirc, 12 in India, and 16 in England, wliii her they first went in 1SG3. In April, 1S99, they opened a new lOnglish novitiate at Carlshalton, Surrey. Mere iMarie-Thereso was born at Liege on 27 February, 1782 and died there on 8 Feb., 1876, having passed forty-three years in religion. The process of her beatification has been commenced and the decree for the " Commissio Introductionis Causs" was signed by Pius X on 13 Dee., 1911.

Steele. Convents of Great Britain (London. 1902), 232-5; Heimbccher, Die Orden und Kongregationen. Ill, 387,

A. A, MacErlean. Cross, Daughters of the, a French institute. The first steps towards the foundation of this society were taken in 162.5 at Roy, Picardy, by Pere Pierre Gu^rin, Frangoise Unalet, and Marie Fannier to pro- vide for the Christian education of girls. The members were not bound by vows. After a happy beginning the organization was almost wrecked by a series of civil misfortunes. A few years later, however, some of its adherents came in contact with Mme. Marie I'Huillier de Villeneuve, who be- came interested in their work and was encouraged to assist in it by St. Vincent de Paul. She established a house near Paris, in 1651, and with the approval of Archbishop Jean-Fran(,ois de Gondi of Paris, introduced the obligation of making vows. This innovation was opposed by the older houses, and led to the formation of two branches of the society, one secular, and the other rehgious; papal approba- tion was obtained for the latter in 1668. Both institutes spread rapidly throughout France, under diocesan control, and noteworthy constitutions were drawn up by Mgr. de Rochebonne, Bishop of Noyon, in 1728. During the French Revolution the sisters were utterly dispersed. A community was estab- lished again at St. Quentin on 23 March, 1828; it continued, however, to languish, till Mgr. Simony, Bishop of Soissons, reorganized the institute in 1837, basing his rules partly on those of St. Ignatius, and

Eartly on the old regulations. These were approved y the Holy See on 15 April, 1847. Thereafter the organization spread widely and branches were established eventually at La Louviere, Belgium, and in England at Boscombe, Southsea, and Ryde,

Bahezre, Filles de la Croix de Paris pendant la Revolution (Paris. 1908): Heimbccher, Die Orden und Kongregationen,

III (Paderborn, 1908), 542; H^lyot, Diet, des ordres religieux,

IV (Paris, 1859), 335-42; Strebeb in Kirchenleiikon. VII. 1090-1.

A. A. MacErlean.

Cross, Daughters of the Holt, also called the Sisters of St. Andrew. — -The aim of this congrega- tion is to instruct poor country girls, to provide refuges for the young exposed to temptation, to prepare the sick for death, and to care for churches. The sisters make yearly vows for five years, after which the vows are perpetual. The congregation, which is subject to diocesan control, was established at Guinnetiere, near Bi5thines, in the Diocese of Vienne, France, in ISOfi, In Dec, 1811, the mother-house was erecte<l at Maill6, and six years later the constitu- tions were ap[)rov('d by Mgr. de Beauregard, Bishop of Montauban, (Jovernment recognil ion was granted in 1819 and renewed in 1S26. In 1820 the foundress purchased the ancient abbey at La Puye, which then became the headquarters of the in.stitute. In 1839 Pius VIII granted many indulgences and spiritual favours to the members. The establishment of a branch at Issy, near Paris, in 1817 under the protec- tion of the royal family, helped to develop the congregation, which spread rapidly, and foundat ions were made at Parma in 1851 under ducal patronage, and at Rome in 18.56. At the time of the dispersion of the French orflers in 1905, the Sisters of St. Andrew had 4(X) houses in P>ance, 9 in Italy, and 9 in Spain, with a membership of over 3(XK) nuna. The two

founders of the congregation were: Andr(>-Hubert Fournet, Vicar-General of Poitiers, b. ,it Maille on 6 Dec, 17.52: edui-.itcd .■tt ( 'hatdliTaud and Poitiers; ordained 177S; wlio died at La Puyc^ on 13 May, 1834; and JeaiiiKvMariivKlizabeth-Lueie Bi(^hier des Ages, born near Le Blanc, Indre, on 3 July, 1772; she had been a prisoner for the Faith during the Revolution, and died at La Puye on 26 Aug., 1838.

Heimbucher, Die Orden und Kongregationen. Ill (Paderborn, 1908), 380; H^LYOT, Diet, des ordres religieux, IV (Paris, 1859), 342-64.

A. A. MacErlean.

Cuyo, Virgin of, at Mendoza, Argentine Republic. Historians tell us that the statue of the Virgin of Cuyo, styled Nuestra Senora de Cuyo or Nuestra Seiiora del Carmen de Mendoza, was venerated from the times of the earUest Spanish settlers. Though its origin is uncertain, its antiquity admits of no doubt. Ac- cording to V. Gamb6n this statue is probably the one which, together with the church in which it stood, was given to the Franciscans when the Jesuits were ex- pelled (1767) from the country by Charles III. In 18G4 the church was ruined by an earthquake, and in its place the Franciscans erected the new church where the statue is now venerated.

The celebrity of the shrine has resulted more from national gratitude for one great favour than for the countless miracles connected with it. Jos6 de San Martin (1778-18.50), to whom more than to any other single person the South American republics owe their independence, had great devotion to Our Lady of Cuyo. After confronting Napoleon in Spain, San Martin returned to his native country at the out- break of the War of Independence to organize the forces of his country. Well fitted to command, and possessing the full confidence of his countrymen, he soon gathered about him a little army, which he led to invariable success in battle, until his good fortune was checked by the Viceroy of Peru. Withdrawing to the Province of Cuyo (the territory which now in- cludes the three Provinces of San Luis, San Juan, and Mendoza), San Martin soon strengthened his forces previous to his invasion of Chile. Before cross- ing the Andes he ordered the statue of Our Lady of Cuyo to be brought from the church and placed in a conspicuous position. As his troops passed in review before the statue, every man jubilantly proclaiming Our Lady as his especial patron in the campaign, San Martin, confident of victory, led his army across the Andes; the Spaniards gave way before him. The in- habitants of Chile flocked to his standard, and with colors flying followed their liberator into the capital, Santiago. The famous victories of Chaeafjuco, 12 Feb., 1817, and of Ma.vi)ii, 5 Apr., 1818, followed. From the scene of his victories, San Martin sent his commander's .staff, the insignia of his position, as a votive offering of thanksgiving to Our Lady; and to the superior of the Franciscans there he addressed the following letter under date of 12 Aug., 1812: "The remarkable protection granted to the Army of the Andes by its Patron and General, Our Lady of Cuyo, cannot fail to be observed. I am obliged as a Christian to acknowledge the favour and to present to Our Lady, who is venerated in your Reverence's church, my .staff of command which I hereby send: for it belongs to her and may it be a testimony of her protection to our Army."

Three years later San Martin, accompanied by Bernardo O'lliggins, marched into Peru, entered Lima, drove the resisting Spaniards into the interior, and declared Peru independent. San Martin diea in France, but his body was brought back to the Ar- gentine Republic and placed in a mausoleum in the cathedral at Buenos Aires. His love for Our Lady of Cuyo has made the statue famous throughout the coimtrv. \i the suggestion of Leonardo M. Maldo- nado, O.S.F., the Argenlinos asked the pope's permis-