Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 16.djvu/43

 COLONIA

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COPTIC

Colonia, titular see in Armenia Prima. Colonia should be identified with Kara Hissar, chief town of a sanjak of the vilayet of Sivas. It has about 10,000 inhabitants, all Mussulmans, excepting 700 Greeks, and 2500 Armenians (1500 Gregorian, 700 Protestant, and 300 CathoUc). It trades in agricultural products and alum from the neighbouring mines. Colonia retained its importance under the Seljukian Turks and even under the Ottomans, who captured it in 1473. In the present city there are the curious ruins of the citadel built by Justinian, and rebuilt and enlarged during the Middle Ages. Colonia was one of the centres of the Paulician heresy.

For the identification of Colonia see Ramsey, Asia Min(yr, 57, 267; F. AND E. CnMO.vr, Studia Ponlica (Brussels, 1906), 296-302. For the modern city see Cthnet, La Turquie d'Asie. I. 779.

S. PiiTRinfes.

Cornelias y Cluet, Antonio, philosopher, b. at Berg.a, in the Province of Barcelona, 1& Jan., 1832; d. there, 3 June, 18S4. ComeUas studied philosophy and theology at Vich, and entered the diocesan sem- inary at Solsona. After his ordination (17 May, 1S56) he continued to teach Latin at Solsona until 1862, when he was appointed professor of theology. During his stay there he published two pamphlets, in which he gave ample evidence of his learning. The first was a discourse, delivered at the opening of the scholastic term, 186(5-67, in which he essayed to ex- plain in a new manner the procession of the Three Divine Persons, and the second a translation, accom- panied by prologue and interesting notes, of a work by Reginald Baumstark, " Pensamientos de un

Erotestaate sobre la invitaci6n del papa a la reconci- aci<5n con la Iglesia cat6lica romana" (Barcelona, 1869). To be able to devote himself to his chosen line of work, a few months after the appearance of his philosophic, he resigned his chair of theology in 1871, and withdrew to Berga. Before 1880 he published " Demostraci6n de la armonla entre la .religi6n cat<51ica y la ciencia", a work of an apolo- getic nature, WTitten to refute William Draper's "Conflict Between Science and Religion". In 1883 he wrote his philosophic work, "Introducci6n 6. la filosofia, 6 sea doctrina, sobre la direcci6n al ideal de la ciencia" (Barcelona). G6mez Izquierdo, his biogra- pher, says, that "as a philosopher, he [ComeUas] was the only thinker who obeying the impulse of his scientific inquisitiveness, rather than the influence and stimulus of tho.se about him, devoured all the most interesting philosophical literature of Europe of his time" and that "in his active mind the echoes of the spiritualism of the Catalonian School and the first murmurs of the Thomistic revival reverberated ". One of the distinguishing features in the career of ComeUas is that he is to be considered as one of the precursors of the neo-.Scholastic movement in Spain.

G6mez Izquierdo. Un filoitfifo cataldn, Antonio Cornelias y duel in CuUura espatiola (Madrid 1907); OrtI t Lara in La ciencia crisliana (Madrid, 1S.S3); SardA y SalvaN'Y in Revista popular (Barcelona. 20 March, 1885); Casals in La Dinaslin (Barcelona. 2 August, 1890) ; de Moi.ins in Diccionario bin- ordfico y bihliogrdfico de esrritores y artistns catalanes del siglo XIX, I, 487; Men£ndez y Pelayo, Historia de los heitrodoxos espafioles, III, 824.

R. BoLOS.

Conaty, Thomas James. See Monterey and Los An(eles, Diocese of, Vol. X, p. 532.

Constantius, Flavius Jflics, Roman emperor (337-361), b. in lUjTia, 7 Aug., 317; d. at the Springs of Mopsus (Mopsokrene near Tarsus), 3 Nov., 361. He wa.s the son of Constantine the Great and his first wife Fausta. On S Nov., 324, he wa.s made Cxsar. After the death of the father (337) he received the Provinces of EgA-pt, Oriens, Asia, and Pontua, and be- came the sole ruler of the Roman Empire after the death of his brothers Constantine II (340) and Constans I (3.">0) and of Magnentius (.3.')3). He was not successful in his wars, in which the Persians were

his chief foe. As regards his religious poUcy he commanded in 353 the closing of the heathen temples and the abolishment of sacrifices under penalty of death, but these edicts were not rigidly executed. Even less logical were his actions in leaving the higher schools and the instruction of the higher classes of society in the hands of the pagan philosophers, and in continuing to fiU the positions in the priesthood in the ancient manner. Won over to Arianism by the Eusebians, he acted as its protector, persecuted the orthodox Catholic bishops, and used violence against the synods. He showed especial hatred towards St. Athanasius. For a time, however, he assumed a friendly manner towards the saint, because after the murder of his brother Constans by the usurper Mag- nentius he had to exercise caution in order to main- tain his position, and he was glad to make use of the influence of Athanasius over the common people. But, after the overthrow of Magnentius the emperor at once altered his conduct, and Ustened willingly to the accu.sation of the Eusebians against Athanasius. Pope Liberius caUed the Synod of Aries (353) to ad- just the matter, but Constantius terrified the bishops, so that Athanasius was declared guilty and deposed.

At another synod held at Milan in 355 the emperor was present behind a curtain and finaUy rushed into the assembly with drawn sword. Consequently this synod also passed such decrees as lie desired. Who- ever was not compliant was exiled or thrown into prison. Pope Liberius, however, had not confirmed these decrees, and as he resolutely refused to give his approval he was banished to Beroea in Thrace; sev- eral Italian bishops, as well as Hosius of C6rdova and Hilary of Poitiers, were also exiled. Athanasius fled into the wilderness. From this time Constantius deposed bishops according to his whims, and ap- pointed in their stead others who were his tools. He was a mouthpiece for the most contradictory dogmas and formulae; for example, he favoured both the Anomreans and the Semi-Arians. It is true that at the Sj-nod of Constantinople (360) he avoided show- ing himself an open partisan of the strict Arians, but soon after, when Meletius of Antioch was deposed, he openly accepted their confession of faith. He seemed to have clearly in mind only one aim: the destruction of Catholic doctrine.

Hilary of Poitiers is not unjust when he describes Constantius ("Contra Constantium imperatorem", P. L., X, 578 sqq.) as excessivelv presimiptuous, ruthless towards God and the Church, and, although apparently a Christian, yet an enemy of Jesus Christ; one who drew up confessions of faith yet who lived contrary to the faith, hke an "impious person who does not know what is sacred, who drives the good from the dioceses in order to give these to the wicked, who by intrigues encourages discord, who hates yet wishes to avoid su.spicion, who hes but wishes no one to see it, who is outwardly friendly but within lacks all kindness of heart, who in reality does only what he wishes yet wishes to conceal from everyone what it is that he wishes". Constantius died 'of an illness while engaged in a campaign against his nephew Julian; shortly before his death he had been baptized by the Arian Bishop Euzoios.

De Brogue, L'Eglire et V empire romain am siMet III et IV; Heroenrother, llandhuch der allgcmrinen Kirchengrsrhichte. I (Freiburg, 1911), .360 gq.; DnRCTY, Hisloire ,lrs Romains VII (Paris. 18851, 214-327. KlEMENS LoFFLER.

Coptic Literature.— Since the publication of the artirle Egypt (above V, 329-.363), under which Coptic literature was treated, important discoveries of entirely new Sahidir material have taken place, and considerable [)ortioiis of the S:ihidic Version from manuscripts known already have been given to the public by very competent .sehol.ar.s.

The Morqan Collection.— The most important of