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 CAPECELATRO

17

CARDINAL

to the board of education. He offered, 16 Apr., 1840, the resolution which estabhshed the Girls' High School of Philadelphia. He served on the board of education until 1840, when he was appointed, by Governor David R. Porter, judge of the courts of common pleas, orphan's court, and courts of oyer and terminer, which po.sition he filled until 1 Jan., 1851, when the judicial positions in Pennsylvania became elective. Nominated for judge of the su- preme court, at a period when Knownothingism and anti-Catholic feeling was rife, he was defeated, al- though his four colleagues on the Democratic ticket were elected. Governor William Bigler appointed him Attorney-General of Penn.sylvania, in which office he .served until 4 Mar., 1853, when he entered President Pierce's Cabinet as postmaster-general, serving until 4 Mar., 1857. In 1861 he was a candi- date for the United States senate against Charles R. Buckalew but w;is defeated by one vote. In 1873 he was elected a member of the Constitutional Conven- tion of Pennsj'lvania, but declined to serve owing to the condition of his health. For twenty-five years he was president of the board of trustees of Jefferson Medical College, and for forty-five years was Vice- president of Saint Joseph's Orphan Asylum, the oldest incorporated Roman Catholic asylum in the United States, chartered in 1807. On 3'Sept., 1869, he was appointed by the judges of Philadelphia County a member of the board of city trusts, which has under its care 42 city trusts, including Girard College and Wills' Eye Hospital. He served in these positions until his death. Judge Campbell looked upon his obhga- tions, whether as ijublic official or as trustee, as duties of the highest order and of great value to society, and he was a just and severe judge upon himself as to the manner and the faithfulness with which these duties were discharged. Even with all the cares that sur- rounded him, he was always ready to respond to the slightest call from any of the refuges of the poor and the ill. He made visits almost daily to St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum, to Girard College, and to the hos- pital, examining conditions in detail, and considering them with as much care as if they referred to his own life or to the lives of those of his own household.

John M. Campbell.

Capecelatro, Alfonso, Cardinal, ArchbLshop of Capua, and ecclesiastical writer; b. at Marseilles, 5 Feb., 1824; d. 14 Nov., 1912. He was descended from the family of the dukes of Castel Pagano. His father served with distinction under Murat, adopted the political principles of the Napoleonic period, and voluntarily exiled himself to Malta and Marseilles, when Ferdinand of Naples, after his restoration by the Congress of Laibaeh, set about the repression of pohtical Liberalism. The family returned to Italy in 1826 and to Naples in 18:i0. At sixteen Alfonso entered the Oratory of St. Philip Neri at Naples. Ordained priest in 1847, he zealously devoted himself to the confessional, preaching, and various charitable enterprises, without, however, neglecting his ecclesi- astical studies, and giving especial attention to ecclesiastical history. He was more particularly drawn to St. Peter Damian, St. Catherine of Siena, St. Phihp Neri, and St. Alphonsus Liguori, the great figures who at various times represented religious revival in Italy, and whose biographies he wrote. He refuted Renan's "Life of Christ" then widely circulated in Italy, and afterwards himself published a "Life of .Icsus Christ", wherein without entering into details of criticism and polemics, he gathered the results of modern researches on the topography and the contemporary history, customs, usages, and opinions of the Hebrews. He devoted three volumes to an ex])osilion of Catholic doctrine and two to the Christian virtues, and published several volumes of sermons.

XVI.—?

Meanwhile he maintained personal relations with various persons, particularly priests and religious at Naples, among them the Franciscan Ludovicn da Casovia, whose biography he wrote, anfl two priests Persico and Casanova, with whom he often discussed methods of catechetical instruction. He corresponded with other Liberal Catholics, among them Manzoni, Cesare CantCl, Dupanloup, and Montalembert. These friendships indicated that he was tending towards "Catholic Liberalism". His own family antecedents better explained both this and Capecelatro's "eonciliatorist" tendencies after 1870. "These tendencies were not unknown to Leo XIII, who, one year after his elevation to the papacy, summoned the learned Oratorian to Rome, together with Padre Luigi Tosti, and made him assistant hbrarian, wishing thereby not only to honour a learned man, but also to make use of him for the work of reconciliation which occupied his mind until 1887. In 1880 Capecelatro was appointed Archbishop of Capua. There he passed his life in the administration of his diocese, literary labours, and works of charity. He was made a cardinal by Leo XIII in 1885. In the pastoral letters and other minor works published in the last years of his life he treats the great questions of modern times, especially those relating to public life in Italy. His writings are distinguished by purity and simplicity of style. He received some votes in the conclave of 1903. He had no influence in ecclesiastical politics; but his correspondence will unquestionably supply valuable material for the politico-reUgious history of Italy in his time. Cardinal Capecelatro, particularly in recent years, was overwhelmed by the course of events and by that Modernist crisis which had long been preparing and so violently burst out in the Church. He remained immured in his old ideal of "God and Liberty", in the old dream of "the pope arm-in-arm with the King of Italy". He did not understand the new movement and the hard lessons which it brought with it. But that did not prevent Pius X from calling him with reason, on the occasion of his canlinalilial jubilee, "a learned theologian, an elegant and prf)lific writer, a scrupulous hagiographer, and, as a bishop, a tender and com- passionate father'.

U. Benigni.

Capocci, Gaetano, musical composer and maestro, b. in Rome, 16 Oct., 1811; d. there, 11 Jan., 1898. As a boy he studied the organ under Sante Pascoli, organist of St. Peter's, Rome, and he completed his musical studies under Valentino Fioravanti and Francesco Cianciarelli. In 1831 he was granted a diploma as organist by the Academy of St. Cecilia, and, in 1833, he received a diploma in the art of composition. Almost immediately he was appointed organist of the Church of St a Maria Maggiore, in 1839. So successful was he that in 1855 he was appointed marstrn direttore of the Cappella Pia of the Lateran, where he laboured with conspic- uous distinction during the remainder of his life. Solely devoted to church music, Capocci composed numerous masses and motets. He also wrote two oratorios, "Battista" and "Assalonne". His chief fame rests on his " Responsori " for Holy Week. His son I^ilippo (b. 11 May, 1840) has even ecUpsed the fame of his father, whom he succeeded as maestro at the Lateran in 1808. Both as an organist and com- poser he r.anks high.

Grove. Did. of Munc and Afuaicmns, I (London, 1904), s. v.; Ddnstan, Vydopirdic Did. of Music {Lonrlon, 1909).

W. H. Grattan-Flood.

Cardinal. — Members of the College of Cardinals, 1913:

Aghardi, Antonio, Bishop of Albano; Aguirrc y Garcia, Gregorio Maria, Archbishop of Toledo;