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 ARIZONA

AVERBODE

summarizes as "condemning the conduct of the arehpriest, and justifying the appellants from the charges of schism and rebellion, which had been urged against them. ... It limited his jurisdiction to the priests educated in the foreign seminaries; for- bade him, in future and for the sake of peace, to com- municate either with the superior of the Jesuits in England, or with the general of the Society in Rome on the concerns of his office; commanded him to supply the first three vacancies that should occur in the number of his assistants with persons selected from amongst the appellant priests, and, having or- dered him to receive and transmit all appeals to the Cardinal Protector, concluded by condemning the past, and prohibiting all future pubUcations in any manner connected with the present controversy". On the other hand the appellants failed to secure episcopal government, or the prohibition, which they sought, to restrain priests, whether secular or regular, from provoking the Government by interference in political affairs. Nor did they obtain their request that all Catholics should be bound to manifest any designs against the queen or State of w hich they should learn. Elizabeth and her ministers were disap- pointed at the tenor of the Brief and retaliated by a proclamation (5 November, 1602) for the banishment of all Catholic missionaries. In reply to this thirteen of the appellants, including two future martyrs, drew up their famous address to the queen assuring her of their loj'alty. (See Tierney, op. cit. infra. III, 55-56, andclxxw'iiisqq.) The papal Brief of 5 October, 1602, finally settled the question, but an unfortunate legacy of mutual distrust and sore feeling remained behind and embittered the relations of the parties for many years to come. Government by arehpriest never worked well, and the secular clergy became unanimous in their desire for a bishop. This was granted to them after the death of William Harrison, the third arch- priest, in 1621, when the Holy See selected William Bishop, one of the leading appellants, to be the first Vicar Apostolic of England.

TiERXEY. Dodd's Church History of England, III (London, 1840): Law, The Arehpriest Controversy (2 vols., Camden Sooiety, 1896-98) ; Idem. Jesuits and Seculars in the reign of Queen Bliza- belk (Ix)ndon, 1889), with a bibliography of contemporary pamphlets: Gerard, The Arehpriest Controversy in The Month (January, 1897^.

Edwin Burton.

Arizona. — On 12 Feb., 1912, Arizona became a state, the forty-eighth of the United States ("Amer- ica", 4 .Jan., 1913; "Official Congressional Direc- tory", 3rd ed., April, 1912). The Constitution of the state (61st Congress, 3rd session, Senate, 31 Jan., 1911) defines its boundaries as Mexico, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, and the Mexican Territory of Lower California (art. I). Phoenix is to be the state capital, subject to change by election on or after 31 Dec, 1925 (art. XX). The governor is to be elected for a term of two years (art. V); the legislature is to meet biennially (art. IV, sect. .3); the judiciary is elective (art. VI). The Constitution, as amended by vote, 5 Nov., 1912, extends the right of suffrage to women ("American Year Book", 1912, p. 182; Constitution, art. VII, sect. 1). It defines the "mitiative" and "referendum" to be "reserved powers" of the people (art. IV, sect. 1), and the right of "recall" includes judges tus well as all other public officers (Constitution, art. VIII, sect. 1). There is to be no rehgious qualification for pubfic office or employ- ment (art. II), and to every inhabitant there is to be secured "perfect toleration of rehgious senti-

ment" without molestation in person or property on account of religious worship or its lack. " Polyg- amous or plural marriages or polygamous cohabita- tion are forever prohibited" (art. XX). Under the "general and uniform public school system" (art. XI, sect. 1), there is to be "no sectarian instruc- tion" or religious test or quahfication required of teacher or pupil (art. XI, sect. 1). Neither public money nor property is to be appropriated for or applied "to any religious worship, exercise or in- struction or to the support of any rehgious estabUsh- ment" (art. II), nor is any tax to be laid or appropria- tion made of pubUc money "in aid of any church or private or sectarian school" (art. IX, sect. 10). But "property of educational, charitable and religious associations or institutions not used or held for profit may be exempted from taxation by law" (art. IX, sect. 2). Statistics of the Catholic Church in Arizona are given in the articles Tucson and United States; according to the "Bureau of the Census, Religious Bodies, 1906" there were in the state 6175 Latter-Day Saints, 2884 Presbyterians, 2667 Methodists, 1034 Baptists, 1059 Protestant Episco- pahans.

Charles W. Sloane.

Assumption. — The earliest known literary refer- ence to the Assumpt ion is found in the Gre^k work "De obitu S. Doming;". Cathohc faith, however, has always derived our knowledge of the mystery from Apostohc Tradition.

Aulne Abbey (Alna), a former Cistercian monas- tery near Landelies on the Sambre in the Diocese of Li^ge. Originally it was a Benedictine monastery, founded by Saint Landelinus about 656. Before 974 the Benedictines were replaced by secular clerics leading a common life, who, however, embraced the Rule of St. Augustine in 1144. .\t the instance of Bishop Henry de Leyen of Lifege it came into the hands of Cistercian monks from Clairvaux in 1147 with Franco de Morvaux as its first Cistercian abbot. Henceforth it flourished as a Cistercian monastery until the French burned it at the end of the eight- eenth century, only a short time after it had been re- built in larger dimensions. The library, which contained 40,000 books and 5000 manuscripts, was also destroyed.

BouLMONT, L'abbaye d' Aulne, ou origines, splendeurs, fpreuves, et mines de la perle monaslique d' Entre-Sambre-et- Meuse (Namur, 1898): Cloquet. L'abbaye d' Aulne (Mons, 1904); Lebbocqdt, Histoire de l'abbaye d' Aulne (Paris, 1862).

Michael Ott.

Averbode, a Premonstratensian abbey belonging to the circary of Brabant and situated near Diest in the .\rchdiocese of Malines. It was founded about 1 132 by Count Arnold of Losen and continued with- out interruption till the general suppression of the Belgian monasteries in 1796. The abbey was re- stored in 1834, and comprises at present 82 priests, 20 clerics and novices, and 36 lay brothers. Of these, 27 priests and 21 lay brothers are labouring among the Indians in Brazil, where, at the request of Leo XIII, they estabhshed a missionary monastery at Pirapora in the Diocese of Sao Paulo, in 1896, and a college at Jaguarao in the Diocese of Sao Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul in 1901. Recently two priests and three lay brothers from Averbode opened a mission house at Veile in Denmark.

Huoo, S. ordinis Pra-monstralensis nnnales, I (Xancy. 17.34-6), 210-223; Catalogut generalis ordinis Pram. (Prague. 1900).

Michael Ott.