Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 15.djvu/831

 ZOEGA

763

ZOLKIEWSKI

William of TjTe (XXII, 30) and Foulcher of Chartres (Hist. hierosoL, V) have left beautiful descriptions of it, .IS well as the Arabian geographers, who highly praise the sweetness of its dates (Guy Le Strange, "Palestine under the Moslems", 289). It is not known when the city disappeared; it is now very difficult to find any traces of it. Search may be made in the Ghor-es-Safieh at the mouth of Wadi eW^ahy, the ancient torrent of Zared.

Neubadeb, La gfogmphic du Talmud (Paris, 186S), 256 .'iq.; Thomsen, Loco, sancta, I (Halle, 1907). 64; Abel, Une croisihre autour de la mer MorU (Paris, 1911), 77-82.

S. Vailhe.

Zoega, .I6k«en (George), archaeologist and nu- mismatist, b. at Daler near Tonder, near the w-est coast of northern Schleswig, 20 December, 1755; d. in Rome, 10 February, 1S09. His father, whose family came origi- nally from North- ern Italy, was Christ i.an Zoega, Protest .ant pastor of Vilhad; his mother was Hen- rirfte Clausen. \\' h e n a boy .Ii irgen was taught at home, and then at t ended the g>-m- nasium at Altona. He went in 177.3 to the University of Gottingen and later to Leipzig, studying philoso- phy and the Clas- sics. Repeated journeys to Italy developed the in- terest for archae- ology' which had awakened early in him. In 17,S2, by the good offices of the Danish minister Guldberg, he received for two years a pension from the State. From Menna, where he stu- died under the celebrated numismatist Eckhel, Zoega went to Rome early in 1783. Through introductions he received here a kindly welcome from Stefano Borgia, then a prelate and later cardinal. On his way home Zoega heard at Paris of the political overthrow of his patron Guldberg. He, therefore, returned to Rome, and took up his permanent abode in the Eternal City, which a man, as he said, should never see or else never leave. He had before this catalogued and exhaus- tively described Borgia's fine collection of coins; the prelate now gave him hearty support and Pius VI granted him a pension of 400 scudi. With the aid of influential friends Zoega also received permanent assistance from Denmark, and in 1790 was made an honorary member of the Academy of Art at Copen- hagen. When his patron, Cardinal Borgia, was exiled from Rome in 1798, Zoega, grateful for the cardinal's hospitality to Danes who had gone to Rome, obtained a pension for Borgia from the state revenues of Denmark. From 1798 Zoega was Danish consul at Rome and a member of the Academy of Sciences at Copenhagen. His labours in numis- matics led him to take up Egjiitological and Coptic studies, which he carried on with success. By his power of penetration and sound judgment he pointed out to later investigators the path to be followed in the interpretation of hieroglyi)liics. He is regarded as the asi50ciatc of Winckelmann and Visconti in establishing scientific archa-ology. His services to learning were also acknowlerlged in foreign countries by his election in ISOfi to membership in the .Xcade- mies of Science at Berlin and Vienna.

Zoega's most important works are: "Nummi

Zoega Contemporary' engrav*ing

a;gyptii imperatorii" (Rome, 1787); "De origine et usu obeliscorum" (Rome, 1797); " Bassirilievi an- tichi di Roma" (2 vols., Rome, 1808), trans- lated into German by Welcker (1811); "Cafalogus codicum copticorum manuscriptorum, qui in museo Borgiano Vehtris adservantur" (Rome, 1810), a posthumous work. He also WTote several treatises on classical archaeology, translated into German by Welcker, "Georg Zoegas Abhandlungcn " (Gottin- gen, 1817). A work on the topography of Rome was left unfinished in manuscript.

Welcker, Zoegas Lebeti (Stuttgart, 1819); Jorgenson, Georg Zoega (Copenhagen, ISSl).

Philipp von Kettenburg.

Zolkiewski, Stanislaus, Chancellor of Poland, b. in Turynka (Red Russia), 1547; d. at Cecora, 6 Oct., 1620. He studied at Lcmberg with great distinc- tion, and is said that he knew all Horace by heart. With his friend Zamoyski he fought under King Ste- phen Bdthori in the wars against Tsar Ivan the Terri- ble. Both distinguished themselves greatly, and rose into high favour. Zolkiewski became castellan of Lemberg in 1593. Unfortunately Sigismund III was unfriendly to him from the outset; he mistrusted him and would have none of his advice. When the Cos- sacks began to revolt, Zolkiewski was for treating them gcntlj-, but he received orders to put down Nalewajek andToba, the rebel leaders. His loyalty shone brightly when Zebrzj'dowski's rising took place. Although Zolkiewski knew that the nobles had many just grievances against King Sigismund, by whom he him- self was dishked, yet he came to his aid, and defeated the rebels at Guzow. Again he advised his master against war with Muscovy, at the time of the "False Demetrius", as both unjust and impolitic; but, as he says in his famous memoirs, "His Majesty's ears were closed to the hetman's arguments". Ordered to lead the army he obeyed, onlj- to find the influence of his enemies and rivals everywhere predominant, inter- fering with the campaign, making him beseige Smo- lensk against his better judgment, and at last sending him to Moscow with only 6000 men. At Kluszj-n he met and cut to pieces the army of Szujsko, 50,000 strong, entered the city, and, after much parleying with the people and the clergy, made terms by which Wladislaw, King Sigi-smund's son, was to become Tsar of Muscovy. But even this did not please Sigismund; he reproached Zolkiewski, r e - fused to ratify the arrangement, and it became clear that he himself wished to become Tsar of Muscovy. This was an im- possibiUty, and by this refusal all the \'ictories and di- plomatic triumphs of Zolkiewski were rendered null, iis he pointed out to the Diet at War- saw, when he re- turned with the Tsar Demetrius and two of the greatest Russian princes, his captives ceived

Stanislaus Zolkiewrki

From a contemporary portrait preserved

at Cracow

1013 he at

In 1013 he at last re- he grand hetman's staff (withheld from him \mlil then), and went to fight the Turks. In Busza. forced bj' the superior strength of the enemy, he made a convention with them, for which he was put on his defence in the Diet, an or- deal from which he came forth victorious once more.