Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 15.djvu/828

 ZINGARELLI

760

ZIONISTS

1822) ; WlDMEB, Nachtrag zu P. B. Zimmer's kurzgefasster Biogr. Oder desselben Theologie und Philosopkie (Uri, 1823); Lauchert in Atlgemeine deiUeche Biographie, XLV (Leipzig, 1900), 242-8; Neher in Philosophisches Jahrbuch, XVIII (Fulda, 1905), 61-67; HuRTER, Nomenclator Literarius, V (Innsbruck, 1911), i, 647-9.

Michael Ott.

Zingarelli, Niccol6 Antonio, composer, b. at Naples, 4 April, 1752; d. at Torre del Greco, 5 May, 1837. Having studied at the Loreto Conservatory under Fenaroli and Speranza, his fii-st opera, "Montesuma", was given at San Carlo, 13 August, 1781. He then went to Milan, where he remained until 1794, when he took up the post of maestro di cappella at Santa Casa, Loreto (1794-1804), after which he succeeded Gugliehni as choir master of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. For refusing to conduct a "Te Deum" for Napoleon in St. Peter's, Rome, in 1811, he was taken a prisoner to Paris, but released soon after; and in 1816 he replaced Paisiello as choir master of Naples cathedral, a position he held until death. Whether as a composer of operas or of sacred music ZingareUi holds a high place, but, being a deeply religious CathoUc, he devoted most of his attention to masses, oratorios, cantatas, and motets. For Loreto he composed .541 works, including 28 masses. In 1829 he wTote a cantata for the Birmingham Festival. Less than a month before his death he produced an oratorio, "The FUght into Egypt", a wonderful feat for a man of eighty-five. Of his operas "GiuUetta e Romeo" (1796) is regarded as his best; and his requiem mass, composed for his own funeral, is said to embody his most devotioned church style. BeUini and Mercadante were among his pupils.

DuNSTAN, Cyclopcrdic Diet, of Music (London, 1909) ; Ricci in Grove, Diet, of Musie and Musicians (London, 1910), s. v.

W. H. Grattan-Flood.

Zingerle, Pius, celebrated Orientalist, b. at Meran, in the TjtoI, 17 March, 1801; d. at the Abbey of Marienberg near Meran, 10 January, 1881. After studying the Humanities at Meran, philosophy and two years of theology at Innsbruck, he joined the Benedictines at Marienberg in 1820, took vows, 20 October, 1822, and was ordained priest, 4 April, 1824. With the exception of six years (1824-7 and 1837-9) during which he w-as assistant pastor at Piatt and at St. Martin, two parishes in the Valley of Passeier, he was professor, since 1852 also director, at the gj'mnasium of Meran. Upon the invitation of Pius IX, he became professor of Oriental languages at the Sapienza in Rome in March, 1862. While in Rome he was also consultor of the Propaganda for Oriental Affairs and scriptor of the Vatican Library.

Unable to accustom himself to the Roman cHmate, he returned to Marienberg in 1865, where he was made sub-prior and professor of theologj'. He had a fair knowledge of Hebrew, Arabic, and Persian, was an acknowledged master of Syriac, and gained con- siderable fame through his German versions of the writings of St. Ephram. The following are his chief works: "Echte Akten heiliger Mart_\Ter des Morgen- landes", translated from the Syriac (2 vols., Innsbruck, 18:56) ;"AusgowahlteSchriften des heiliger. Ephram", translated from the Greek and the Syriac (6 vols., Innsbruck, 1837; new ed., Augsburg, 184.5-6), of which vols. IV and V are German metrical versions of Eph- raem's Syriac hjTnns, "Ephr.am's Reden wider dir Ketzer", in vol. XXVIII of "Sainmtliche Werke dee heil. Vater" (Kempten, 18.50); "Harfenklange vom Libanon" (Innsbruck, 1840); "Festkranze aut Liban- on's Garten" (Dillingen, 1846); " Marien-Rosen aus Damaskus" (Innsbruck, 18.53; 2nd ed., Augsburg, 1855); "Leben und Wirken des heil. Simeon Stylitcs" (Innsbruck, 1S55); "Mommienta Syriaca ex romanis codd. coUecta" (Innsbruck, 1809); "Chrestomathia Syriaca cum indice vocabularum" (Rome, 1871); " Lexicon Syriacum inusum Chrestomathite" (Rome,

1873); "Ausgewiihlte Schriften des heil. Ephram" (3 vols., Kempten 1870-6). He contributed various essays on the Ephraemic metre and on the Syrian metre in general to ' ' Zeitschrif t der deutschen morgen- landischen Gesellschaft", vols. II-XIX, and other Syrian studies to "TUbinger Theol. Quart alschrift" in the years 1853 and 1870-1. He is also the author of two volumes of German poems (vol. I, Innsbruck, 1843; vol. II, Mainz, 1860) and of a few ascetical and other works of minor importance.

.Script.'.' triaco-H 'n"/' Mitteittu, . i, 355-Mi>i zig, IHOli,, Oeslerreich, LX (\'ie

ti,». qui i7-~tO-lS80 fuerunt in Imperio Au^ iFirn, ! ^^1 1, .'(31-2; Stampfer in .SVudien wnd " /. ' ( i,s(. Orden, II (Wurzburg, 1881),


 * ii .1 ,'- heulsche liivgraphie.XhV (Leip-

\\ L lUiiAi.ii, Btogr. Lexikon des Kaiserthums 1S91), 151-4.

Michael Ott.

Zinzendorf, Nikolaus LrDwio. See Bohemian Brethren.

Zion. Sec Jerusalem.

Zionists are followers of the movement to segre- gate the Jewish people as a nation and to give it a national home either in Palestine or elsewhere. Orthodox Judaism holds to a Zionism pure and simple, the return of the Jews to Palestine, the coming of the Messias, the overthrow of hostile powers by Him, the restoration of the Temple and its worship, the Messianic reign. The Reformed Jews reject this idea of a return to Zion. The conference of rabbis, at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 15-28 July, 1845, deleted from the ritual all prayers for a return to Zion and a restoration of a Jewish state. The Philadelphia conference, 1869, followed the lead of the German rabbis and decreed that the Messianic hope of Israel is "the union of all the children of God in the confession of the unity of God". The Pittsburg conference, 1885, reiterated this Messianic idea of reformed Judaism.

The practical carrying out of Zionism by orthodox Jews has until recently been attempted only fitfully and very ineffectually, and often with no return to Zion as an objective. In the middle of the sixteenth century Joseph Nasi tried to gather the Portuguese Jews to an island owned by the RepubUc of Venice. In the seventeenth century Shabbethai Zebi (1626- 1676) announced himself as the Messias and gained over many Jews to his side; among these, the phi- losopher Baruch Spinoza. Jewish settlements were established in the upper Mississippi region by W. D. Robinson, 1819; near Jerusalem, by the American Consul Warder Cresson, a convert to Judaism, 1850; in Prague, by Steinschneider, 1835; and elsewhere. Sir Moses Montefiore tried to colonize Jews in Pales- tine (1840). Laurence Ohphant failed in a like at- tempt to bring to Palestine the Jewish proletariat of Poland, Lithuania, Rumania, and the Turkish Empire (1879 and 1882). The man w;ho gave dignity, form, and permanence to the Zionist move- ment was Theodor Harzl. In 1896 his "Jiiden- staat" appeared in Vienna. He soon won over such Jewish leaders as Israel Zangwill, Max Nordau, Alexander Marmorek, and others. The ideas of "Judenslaat " spread throughout the Je«-ish world. Six successive Zion congresses were held. By 1899 there were more than 100,000 shekel-payers. The Sultan of Turkey removed the ban whereby Jews had been prevented from staying longer than three months in Palestine. The now flourishing colony of Mikweh l.-irael was established near Jaffa. AH attempts f;ii!cd to get from the sultan for the ,Tews in Palestine any kind of corporate pohtical existence, and anv form of provincial or municipal autonomy. Harzl died on 3 July, 1904. At the next, the seventh, Zionist congress. Max Nordau was elected president (1905). Since then the movement has gone on and has remained true to the first, or Basle, congress