Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 15.djvu/827

 ZIGLIARA

759

ZIMMER

hospitably rpreived and iiuorporatod in the provinoes of HoUand and Belgium. In 1462 Father Cornelius, worn out by his labours and austerities, left Scotland for his own province of Cologne, where he died in the convent at Antwerp. It is said that many miracles took place at his tomb. The WTitings of Father CorneUus, which consist of "Condones ad poptilum Scotife", "Sennonesad Fratres", '"Epistolasplures", have never been published.

GoNZAQA, De origine aertiphidr relidiouifi prnr. Srott'fP (Rome, l.'>87); Dempster. Hist. eccL gfnlis Scotorrnri 'Fr^lof-ni, l'V27); HuBER, Menologium Franciscanum (Munich, 1'''^ ^i ■-' ,',,!,-,. oium Francisranum (Paris. 1638); Waddi.vg. I ■ Urn.

(Rome, 1745); vo-s Loo, Stimulus seraph, cm/ h'.nif,

186U: Brycb, Scollish Grey Friars (London, r.H]'.)j. 1'.i.i,i,i.,-iieim, Ilisl. of Ike Calh. Church of Scotland, tr. Hdnter-Blair (Lumlon, 1891); ScHONTENS. Martyrologium Minoritico-Bclgicum (Hoogs- traeten, 1902); Necrologium Conv. Aberdonensis in Monuments Franciscan, II (London, 1S82); MS. Annates Prov. Colonitr in der Binterinsche Bibliothek in Btik.

Gregory Cleary.

Zigliara, Tommaso Maria (baptismal name, Francesco), cardinal, theologian, and, philosopher, b. at Bonifacio, a seaport town of Corsica, toward the end of October, 18.33; d. in Rome, 11 May, 1893. His early Classical studies were made in his native town under the Jesuit teacher. Father Aloysius Piras. At the age of eighteen he was received into the Dominican Order at Rome, and in 1852 he made his religious profession. From the beginning Zigliara was a student of uncommon brilhancy. He studied philosophy in Rome and theology at Perugia, where, 17 May, 18.56, he was ordained b\' Cardinal Joachim Pecci, then Archbishop of Perugia. Soon .afterwards the young priest was appointed to teach philosophy, first in Rome, then at Corbara in his native Corsica, and later in the diocesan seminarj', at Viterbo, being at the same time master of novices in the neighbouring convent .at Gradi.

When his work at Viterbo was finished, he was called to Rome, again made master of novices, and shortly appointed regent, or head professor, of the Minerva college. Before assuming this latter duty, he was raised to the dignity of master in sacred theology. When his commimity was forced by the Italian Government in 1873 to give up the convent of the Minerva, Zigliara with other professors and students took refuge with the Fathers of the Holy Ghost, who had charge of the French College in Rome. Here the lectures were continued until a house near the Minerva was secured. Zigliara's fame was now widespread in Rome and elsewhere. French, Italian, German, English, and American bishops were eager to put some of their most promising students and young professors under his tuition. Between Cardinal Pecci, Archbishop of Perugia, and Zigliar.a there had existed for many years the closest friendship, and when the former became pope as Leo XIII, in his first consistory (1879) he created Zigliara a cardinal. Zigliara was first numbered among the cardinal-deacons, then he became a cardinal-priest, and in 1893 he was appointed Bishop of Frascati, one of the seven suburban .sees; but, owing to the sickness which ended in his death, he never received episcopal consecration.

He was a member of seven Roman congregations, besides being prefect of the Congregiit ion of Studies and co-president of the .Academy of St. Thomas Aqiiinas. He was a man of deep piety and devotion, and a tireless student to the end of his hfe. In addi- tion to his many duties a.s cardinal, he was entrusted with the superintendence of the Leonine edition of the works of ,St. Thomas, the first volume of which con- tains his own commentary. He also found time to publish his "Propa^deutica ad Sacr.am Theologiam" and tr> wTite an extensive work on the sacraments, of which only the tracts on baptism and penance re- ceived final revision before his death. The most important, however, of Zigliara's works is his

"Sunima Philosophica", which enjoys a world-wide circulation. For many years this has been the text- book in a great number of the seminaries and colleges of Europe, Canada, and .\merica; and not very long ago it was adopted as the textbook for the phil- osophical examination in the National LIniversity of Ireland. His other works are, "Osservazioni su alcune interpretazioni di G. C. Ubaghs sull' ideologia di San Tommaso d'Aquino" (Viterbo, 1870); "Delia luce intellettuale e dell' ontologismo secondo la dottrina di S. Bonaventura e Tommaso d'Aquino" (2 vols., Rome, 1874); "De mente Concilii Vienensis in definiendo dogmate unionis anima' humana; cum corpore" (1878) ; "Commentaria S. Thoma; in Aris- toteUs libros Perhermeneias et Posteriorum analyti- corum, in fol. vol. I new edit. "0pp. S. Thonia;" (Rome, 1882); "Saggio sui principi del tradizion- ahsmo"; "Dimittatur e la spiegazione datane dalla S. Congregazione dell' Indice".

By his teaching and through his writings, he was one of the chief instruments, under Leo XIII, of re- viving and propagating Thomistic philosophy through- out the entire Church. In his own order and in some universities and seminaries, the teaching of St. Thomas had never been interrupted, but it was re- served for Zigliara to give a sjiecial impetus to the movement which has made Thomistic philo.sophy and theology dominant in the Catholic worlii.

Acta capituli generalis ord. Praeii. abuta: celehrati ( 1895); W.\L8H in Rosary Magazine, VU (1895); Perhier, Revival of Scholastic Philosophy (New York. 1909), 164-S; Turner, Hist, of Phil. (New York. 190.3), 64.3.

Charles J. Callan.

Zimmer, Patrick Benedict, philo.sopher and the- ologian, b. at Abtsgmund, Wiirtemberg, 22 Feb., 1752; d. at Steinheim near Dillingen, 16 Oct., 1820. He studied the Humanities and philosophy at Ell- wangen, theology and jurisprudence at Dillingen; was ordained priest, 1 April, 1775; became repetitor of canon law at the College of St. Jerome at Dillingen in 1777, and professor of dogmatic theology at the University of Dillingen in 1783; in 1791 also pastor of Steinheim. In 1795 he was dismissed from the faculty of the university, ostensibly because as pastor of Steinheim he should reside at that place, but, in reality, because he was an extreme idealist. In 1799 he was appointed professor of dogmatic theology at the University of Ingolstadt, and when this university was removed to Landshut the follow- ing year, he was transferred thither in the same capacity.

Though Zimmer rendered great service to the Church and religion by his fearless and successful combat against the Kanti.an R.ationalism which was prevalent at Ingolstadt, he was himself a passionate adherent of the idealistic jiantheism of Schelling, without, however, compromising his Catholic convic- tion in priictice. To lessen the danger of inculcating his philosophical tenets in his lectures, he was relieved of the professorship of positive theology and given that of Biblical archa<ology and exegesis in 1807. In 1819 he became rector of the university and deputy to the Second Chamber of the Bavarian Parliament. His chief theological work, "Theologia- christianEe specialis et theoreticie" (4 parts, Landshut, 1S02-6), is to a great extent permeated with Sclicllingian pantheism. His other noteworthy works are: " Dis- sert at io dogmatica de vera et completa potest ate ecclesiastica illiusque subjecto" (Dillingen, 1784); "Fides exsistentia' Dei" (Dillingen, 1791); "Philo- sophische Religionslehre: part I. Lehre von dem Absoluten" (Landshut, 1805); "Philosophische Un- tersuchung iiher den allgcmeinen Verfall dcs mensch- lichen Geschlechtes" (Landshut, 1809); "Unter- suchung iiber den Begriff und die Gesetze der Gesch- ichte etc." (Munich, 1817).

.^^aii.er. Pntritius Hrnrdxrlus Zimmtr's kurzgrfnsMe Biographic und ausfahrliche Darstetlung seiner Wissenschaft (Landshut,