Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 15.djvu/822

 ZELL

754

ZENO

Sivas; the city numbers 20,000 inhabitants, 5000 of whom are Christians, the rest being nearly aU schis- matic Armenians.

Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., s. v.; Texier, Asie- Mineure (Paris, 1S62), 602; Cuinet, La Turquie d'.4sie, I, 729- 32; Babelon and Reinach, Monnaies d\isie- Mineure, I, 117; CcMONT, Studia pontica (Brussels, 1906), 188-94; Perrot, Exploration arcMologique de la Galatie et de la Bithynie (Paris, 1872), 377-80.

S. Vailhe

Zell, Kael, statesman, philologist, and defender of the rights of the Church, b. at Mannheim, 8 April, 1793; d. at Freiburg, 24 January, 1873. He attended the high-school of his native town, and studied phil- ology at the Universities of Heidelberg, Gottingen, and Breslau (1810-14). In 1814 he became pro- fessor at the lyceum at Rastatt, in 1821 professor of classical philology at the University of Frei- burg, where he soon attained prominence by his work as teacher and author. As representative of the university in the Upper Chamber of the Diet of Baden during the years 1831-3.5, he advocated a thorough reform of the high-school system of Baden and the establishment of a .special JDoard for the supervision and encouragement of the higher studies. Zell undertook the execution and com- pletion of the new system, having been appointed ministerial councillor and member of the new council of higher studies. In 1848 he returned to academic work as professor of archaeology at the Universitj' of Heidelberg, in which capacity he developed a large and many-sided activity. He was elected (1848) a member of the Lower Chamber of the Diet of Baden, to which he was a deputy until 1855. In the severe struggles for its rights which the Church had at that time in Baden, then rided by the Liberals, Zell cour- ageously and unweariedly defended it by speech and writing, a championship in which he stood almost alone. The fame he won far beyond the boundaries of Baden led to his election as president of the con- gresses for Catholic Germany held at MUnster in 18.52 and at Vienna in 18.53. During the Revolution of 1848-49 his loyalty to the grand-duke never wavered, just as his loyalty to the Church never changed. He refused to recognize the provisional revolutionary government which ruled Baden after the flight of the grand-duke or to take the oath to it. In 1855 Zell retired from the service of the State, and in 1857 settled at Freiburg. In the ecclesiastico-political battles in which Archbishop Hermann Vikari became involved with the Government of Baden for its active adherence to the KuHurkampf policy, Zell was the archbishop's constant adviser and active assistant. As a speaker at assemblies, in pamphlets and articles for periodicals and newspapers, like the "Freiburger Kirchenblatt " and the "Historisch-Politische Blat- ter", he constantly defended the rights of the Church, Christian schools, religious orders, and refuted the calumnies circulated against the Church. A per- manent memorial of his labours for the head of the Church is the St. Michaelsverein (St. Michael's .•Association) for the Archdiocese of Freiburg, which he founded, in order to organize the gifts of the faith- ful for the Holy Father (Peterspence); the society still flourishes in the archdiocese. As an author he wrote on a great variety of subjects, devoting himself especially to Aristotle, (^alderon, Shakespeare, and the history of Baden, Works still valuable are: "Ferienscliriften" (3 vols., Freiburg, lS2t)-33; new series, 1857); "Treatise on St. Lioba" (Freiburg, 1860); and historical articles for the "Freiburger Diozesanarchiv ' '.

Weech, Hadi^tehe Biographien, 5.34-37. contains a list of his most important writinRs: Hansen, Lebensbilder deulscher Knth- oliken, V (Paderborn, 1910).

Joseph Li.ns.

Zell, ULnifH, publisher, the first printer of Cologne, b. at Ilanau-on-thc-Main, date unknown; d.

about 1507. He learned the art of printing before 1462 in the printing establishment of Fust and Schoffer, and seems, shortly after the catastrophe of 1462, to have gone to Cologne, whose university gave promise of a market for printed works. Zell was printing at Cologne apparently as early as 1463, although his first dated book is of the year 1466. His work as printer and pubUsher can be traced up to the year 1502; altogether about 120 of his publications are known. Of these, however, only nine bear his name, but in all probability he printed and published many more. In outline and cut his six kinds of type are strikingly similar to the "Durandus" and "Cle- mens" types of Fust and Schoffer; it would even seem that a number of the matrices of the "Clements" type had been used. Most of the books printed by Zell were text -books in quarto form for the university. Among the fine productions of his printing shop is an undated edition of the Latin Bible in two volumes. At first he called himself clerictis (of the lower orders), but as early as 1471 he married and became a citizen and householder of Cologne. In 1473 he bought the important manorial estate of "Lyskirchen", to which he transferred the main part of his business. In the colophons of his books the place of business is called "apud Lyskirchen". The purchase, sometime later, of various houses, lands, and properties yielding revenues, show that Zell had become a prosperous man. It is also a proof of his importance that for a long time he filled the office of Kirchenmeister (church- master) of "S. Maria an Lyskirchen". Of much im- portance in the history of the discovery of printing is Zell's statement, preserved in the Clironicle of Cologne of 1499, that the year 1450 was the date of the beginning of printing, that the country-squire Johann Gutenberg was the inventor of it, and that the first book printed was the Latin Bible, the Vul- gate.

Allfjrmfine deiitsrhe Biooraphie. XLV, 19 sq.

HeINRICH WiLHELM W.4LLAU.

Zenaias. See Philoxenus op Mabbogh.

Zengg-Modrus, Diocese op (Segniensis et Mod- RUSiENSis SEti CoRBAViENSis), in Hungary, suffragan of Agram. The year of its foundation is not known. Mirseus, about 11.50-1160, was the first bishop. The See of Modrus was estalilished at Corbavia (Krbava) 1185. Pius IT moved the former see from Corbavia to Modrus, as it suffered from the advance of the Turks. From that time it was known as the See of Modrus. Urban VIII united the See of Zengg with that of Modrus. Gregory XVI in 1836 confirmed this union "per Eequalitatem". Until 1600 the see was suffra- gan of Spalato, later of Gran, then of Kalocsa; since 1852 it is suffragan of Agram. The diocese con- sists of Fiume, of .some parts of the "Komitat" of Agram, and of the Military Frontier. It is divided into 5 archdeaneries and 15 vice-archdeaneries, and 137 pari.shes. The language at Mass and during the services was ancient Slavic, by reason of a jiapal priv- ilege. There are two chapters which belong to Zengg and to Modrus, and one collegiate chapter at Fiume. The seminary is situated at Zengg; it was established by Bishoj) C)segovich in 1857. Tersato, a place of pilgrimage, is situated in the neighbourhood of Fiume.

Fahlati. lUwirmn sacrum, IV, 106: Porpsfl Bi.'Ktipijah Srnjakr > Modruskr 11 Krhavske Irudon Manoila Sladorica (Triest«. \SM): In IIunKarian: .4 Kalotikux Magyarorsmg (Budapest,

A. AldXsy.

Zeno, Saint, entered in the Roman Martyrology on 12 Ai)ril as a Bishop of Verona martyred under (^lallienus. Probably, however, he was a confessor who governed the Church of Verona from 362-380. At Verona a basilica, San Zenone, is dedicated to his honour, and some thirty churches and chapels bear his name. In the basUica his statue, bearing the