Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 15.djvu/814

 ZALVIDEA

746

ZAMBESI

and was ordained priest on 27 October, 1737. He studied canon law at Salzburg, 1737-9, became master of novices at his monastery in 1739, and prior in 1744. Upon the request of the Prince-bishop of Gurk, Joseph Maria Count of Thun, he was sent as professor of canon law to the newly-erected seminary at Stras- burg in Carinthia. From 1749 till his death he was professor of canon law at the Benedictine University of Salzburg, where he held at the same time the office of "Rector magnificus" from 1759. Unlike most German canonists of his time, he laid great stress on the sources and historical development of canon law. Though his juristic writings are at times not clear, his lectures were valued very highly and attended even by students from foreign countries. His chief work is "Principia juris eccles. universahs et particularis Germanise" (4 vols., Augsburg, 1763; 2nd ed. by Kleimayern, Augsburg, 1781; 3rd ed., Augsburg, 1831). His other canonical works are: "Disputatio prima de jure canonico ..." (Salzburg, 1753); "Pontes originarii juris canonici, adjuncta historia . . ." (Salzburg, 1752 and 1755); "Jus eccles. partic- ulare Germanise" (Salzburg, 1757); "Dissertatio de statu ecclesiiB, de hierarchia ..." (Salzburg, 1757).

Lindner. Die Schriftslelter des Benediktiner-Ordens itn heut, KSnigreich Bayern 1750-1880,1 (Ratisbon, 1880). 181-2; Sattler, Collectaneen-Blstter z. Gesch. der ehemal. Benediciiner-Universitdt Salzburg (Kempten, 1890), 439-45; Z.vllwein, Principia juris eccl., ed. Kleimayern.

Michael Ott.

Zalvidea, Jos£ Maria de, b. at Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain, 2 March, 1780; d. in 1846. He became a Franciscan at the convent of San Mames, Cantabria,

13 December, 1798, joined the College of San Fer- nando de Mexico in 1804, and entered the California Indian mission field in August, 1805. He served at Mission San Fernando till 1806; at Mission San Gabriel till 1826; at San Juan Capistrano till 1842; and at Mission San Luis Rey to the day of his death. He was a model missionary as well as an energetic and wise manager of the mission temporalities. Under his administration Mission San Gabriel espe- cially reached its highest prosperity. From 19 July to

14 August, 1806, Father Zalvidea accompanied an expedition from Santa Barbara east and then south to San Gabriel in search of new mission sites, mean- while baptizing many dying savages. He was well versed in the languages of the Indians. While his superiors regarded him as one of the best and most zealous of friars, the people looked upon him as a saint. "There is no evidence", says Bancroft, "that he ever had an enemy, or said an unkind word to any man." Even when quite old Father Zalvidea refused to avail himself of the pri\'ilege of retiring, because there would be no one to take his place, for the Mexican Government had declined to let any but Mexicans serve in the missions. Like all the other missionaries he would not approve of the methods of the Mexican politicians by swearing allegiance, refus- ing to do so on the groimds that he did not meddle with politics, but he offered to swear obedience in everything not against conscience.

Santa Barbara Archives: Records of missions San Gabriel and San Juan Capistrano; Enoelhardt. The Franciscans in Cali- fornia (Harbor Springs. MichiKan, 1S97) ; The Missions and Mis- tionaries of California, II (San Francisco, 1912).

Zephyrin Engelhardt.

Zama, titular see of Numidia. There were two sees of this name: Zama Major and Zama Minor. Zama Minor, represented at the Conference of Carthage, 255, by the Bishop Marcelhis, is commonly identified with the ruins ITenshir Sidi-Amor el Djedidi near Furni, on the frontier, south-east of Tunis. Zama Major, or Zama Uegia, located by the majority of historians and archaeologists on the bor- ders of Silvana at the village of Djama, south of T\mis, sent the Bi.shop Dialogus to the C'onference of Car- th.age, 411. It was here that Scipio defeated Hannibal

in the famous battle which decided the fate of Africa, 19 October, 202 B. c. A fragment of an inscription showing the former existence of a colony was found there, and, according to a decree of the year a. d. 322, Zama was called Colonia M\i^ Hadriana Augusta Zama Regia, thus verifying the identification.

TouLOTTE, Geographie de VAfrique chretienne proconsulaire (Rennes, 1892), 345-349; Leh.mann in Jahrbiicher far classiche Philologie, XX (supplement), 526-616; Winckler in Bulletin de oeographie et d'archeologie d'Oran, XIV, 17-46: Melanges d'arch- iologie et d'hist. de I'Ecole Fransaise de Rome, XV. 306-308.

S. Vailh^.

Zambesi Mission, Prefecture Apostolic of THE. — The ijrefecture comprises all Rhodesia south of the Zambesi, that part of Bechuanaland which is north of the Tropic of Capricorn and east of the 22nd degree of longitude, that part of Rhodesia north of the Zambesi, south of the Congo Free State, and west of the 30th degiee of longitude. Origi- nally it also included a part of North-eastern Rhode- sia, which is now included in the Vicariate Apostolic of Nyassa. AU this territorj' is under British rule, by far the larger portion being administered by the British South Africa Chartered Company. The Zambesi mission was founded in 1877, and entrusted to the English Province of the Society of Jesus; its limits were defined by Propaganda in 1879. It was in this latter year that the first party of missionaries under Father Henry Depelchin, the first superior, started from Grahamstown in Cape Colony, with four wagons drawn by oxen, on a journey of five or six months to Bulawayo, a thousand miles in the interior. There were then no railways in the coun- try; communications were slow and difficult, and the prices of the necessaries of life were enormous. Many lives were lost from fe^'er and privations. The Matabele natives were not yet prepared to receive Christianity, and the cruel rule of their des- potic king, Lobengula, rendered fruitless every effort of the mis.sionaries. An expedition led by Father Depelchin himself pushed further north beyond the Zambesi in quest of more promising fields; but from various causes this attempt failed. Another un- successful ex-pedition under Father Augustus Law went three hundred miles east to the Portuguese border. With the advent of the British South Africa Company a new era opened for the mission. In 1893 Lobengula was deprived of his power, Bulawayo, his capital, seized, and Matabeleland conquered. Missionaries availed themselves of the advantages which the new rule guaranteed. Sites suitable for mission stations were selected. The Sisters of St. Dominic entered the coimtry about the same time, took charge of the public hospitals, and later opened schools for the children of the settlers.

The progress of the mission has been necessa- rily slow. Little is to be expected from the adult n.ative population owing to their pagan prac- tices, especially polygamy; hence the hopes of large and successful communities must be built mainly on the education of children. Moreover, the work has be(-n hampered again and again by those difficul- ties which have retarded the material development of Rhodesia: wars within and without the borders, cattle plagues, famine, locusts, etc. Meanwhile, the introduction of railways has removed one ^eat obstacle to the establishment of mission .stations; one line traverses the mission from soiith to north. Father Ilonrv Depelchin has h(>(<n succeeded by Fathers Alfred Weld, Alphonsus Daignault, of the Canadian Pro\'ince, Henry Schoniberg-Kerr, Richard Sykes, Ignatius Gartlan, and R. Sykes who has lately returned to the post. There are 32 Jesuits and 22 Jesuit lay brothers, and 3 priests and 6 brothers of the Slissionaries of Mariannliill. The towns of Bulawayo, Salisbury, Gwclo, and llmtali