Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 15.djvu/809

 ZACCONI

741

ZACHARIAS

(Rome, 1780); "Onomasticon rituale selectum" (Faenza, 1787). Archa'ology: "Istituzione anti- quario-lapidaria" (Rome, 1770) ; "Istituzione antiqua- rio-nuniismatica" (Rome, 1772) Literary History "Storia Letteraria d'ltalia", a literary review edited by Zaccaria with the assistance of Leonard Ximenes, Dominieus Froili, and Joachim Gabardi (14 vols., Modena, 17.50-57); "Excursus litterarii per Itaham" (Venice, 1754); "Iter litterarium per Itaham" (Venice, 1762); "Saggio critico della corrente letter- atura straniora" (3 vols., Modena, 1576) written by Zaccaria, conjointly with Gabardi and Froili; "Annali letterarii d'ltaha" (3 vols., Modena, 1762-3) ; " Biblio- teca antica e moderna di storia letteraria" (3 vols., Pesaro, 176(>-8). He furthermore issued annotated editions of: Menochius, "Commentarius totius s. Scripturae" (Venice, 1743); Dante, "La Divina Comedia" (Verona, 1749); Tamburini, "Theologia Morahs" (Venice, 1755); Busenbaum-LaCroix, "The- ologia Moralis" (1755); Viva, "Opuscula omnia theologico-moralia" (Ferrara, 1757); Abelly, "Med- ulla theologica" (Venice, 1757); Petavius, "Opus de dogmatibus theologicis" (Venice, 1757); Picliler, "Jus Canonicum" (Pesaro, 1758); Tirinus, "In universam Scripturam Commentarius" (Venice, 1759); Gavanto, "Opera theologico-canonica" (Fer- rara, 1760); Toumely, "Pra-lectiones" (Venice, 1765); Natalis Alexander, "Historia Ecclesiastica" (Venice, 1776-7); Ferraris, "Bibliotheca canonico- juridiea" (Rome, 1748-90); Pallavacino, "Istoriadel Concilio di Trento" (Faenza, 1792-7).

SOMMERVOGEL, Biblioth^ue de la Compngnie de Jisns, VIII (Brussels, 1898). 1381-1435; Ccccagni, Elogio slorico delV abate F^anceseantonio Zaccaria (Rome, 1769) ; Hurter, Xomenclator, V (Innsbruck. 19U). i, 484^98.

Michael Ott.

Zacconi, Ludovico, musical theorist, b. at Pesaro about 15.50; d. at Venice, after 1623. He became an August inian friar at Venice, where he was ordained priest. In 1585 we find him as maestro di capella at the Augustinian church in Venice; and in 1592 he was attached to the chapel of W'ilhelm, Duke of Bavaria. In 1596 he v,-as Kapellmeister to the Arch- duke Charles at Vienna, but in 1618 he returned to Venice. Zacconi's fame rests on his great work "Prattica di Musica", first pubhshed in 1592 at Venice, of which a second volume appeared in 1619. These two volumes — containing four works — treat exhaustively of musical theory, and are copiously illustrated. The directions for rendering polyphonic music are of the highest value, especially the Palestrina illustrations. He deals fully with the six Authentic and six Plagal Modes, studiously omitting the Loc- rian and H\-polocrian Modes. But he also treats of orchestral instruments — their compass and method of playing — and gives valuable information as to the scoring of early operas and oratorios. In fact he covers the whole ground of mu.sic, as practised at the close of the sixteenth century.

BcBNET. Gen. IliM. of A/ujic "(London. 1776-89); Grove, Did. of Music and Musicians, V (London, 1910). s. v.

W. H. Grattan-Flood.

ZachStf'ias ^Yleh. zikhdryShu and zikhdryah; mean- ing " Yahweh remembers". Sept. Zoxaptd and Zaxaptds), son of Barachias, son of Addo, a Prophet who aro.se in Israel in the eighth month of the second year of the reign of King Darius, 520 b. c. (Zach., i, 1), just two months after Aggeus began to prophesy (Agg., i, 1). The urging? of the two Propliets brought about the building of the second temple (I Esdr., v and vi). Addo was one of the chief priests who, in the first year of the reign of Cjtus .538 b. c, returned with Zoro- babel from captivity (II Esd., xii, 4). Sixteen years thereafter, during the high priesthood of .loacim (verse 12), Zacharia, of the family of Addo (Hrb. of verse 16), is listed as a chief priest. This Zacharia is

most likely the PVophet and author of the canonical book of the same name. It is not at all probable that the Prophet Zacharias is referred to by Christ (Matt., xxiii, 35; Luke, xi, 51) as having been .slain by the Jews in the Temple; that Zacharias was the son of Joiada (II Par., xxiv, 20). Moreover, the Jews of Zorobabel's time obeyed the Prophet Zacharias (Zach., vi, 7) ; nor is there, in the Books of Esdras, any tr.ace of so heinous a crime perpetrated in the Temple court.

The Book. — The prophecy of Zacharias is one of the books admitted by both Jews and Christians into their canon of Sacred Writings, one of the Minor Prophets. This article will treat its contents and interpretation, canonicity, author, time, place, and occasion.

I. Contoits and Interpretation. — A. Part First: i-viii: Introduction, the purpose of the book, the return of the people to Yahweh (i, 1-6).

(1) The eight visions of the Prophet, on the night of the twenty-fourth day of the eleventh month of the second year of the rule of Darius in Babylon (i, 7-vi, 8). (a) The horsemen in the myrtle grove (i, 7-17). Their mounts are chestnut, bay, and white. They bring the news from far and wide; all lands are at rest, nor is there any sign of an impending upheaval of the nations such as is to precede the hberation of Israel from thraldom. And yet Yahweh will comfort Sion, He will rebuild the city and the Temple, (b) The four horns and four smiths (i, 18-21). — The former are the nations that have tossed to the -nands Juda and Israel and Jerusalem; the latter are the powers that in their turn will batter down the foes of Yahweh. (c) The man with the measuring hne (ii, 1-13). — He is bidden not to measure Jerusalem. The new Jerusalem will have no need of walls; Yahweh Himself will be unto it a wall of fire, He wiU dwell within it. The \'ision now becomes Messianic, ex- tends far beyond the immediate future, and repre- sents all the n.itions of the world round about the new Jenisalem. (d) Jesus the high priest before the angel of Yahweh (iii, 1-10). — Clothed in filthy garments, accused by Satan, the high priest stands in shame. His shame is taken away. Clean raiment is put upon him. The promise is made of the rehabilitation of the high priest in the temple that Zorob.abel is to build; and the Messianic forecast is uttered of the sprout (Heb. (emdh), the servant of Yahweh (cf. Is., iv, 2: jer., xxiii, 5; xxxiii, 15), who will be sent in the stead of the Levitic priesthood, (e) The seven branched lamp of the temple (iv, 1-14). — An olive tree on either side feeds the lamps. The seven lamps and their lights are the seven eyes of Yahweh that run to and fro o\'er the whole earth (verse 10). The olive trees are "the two sons of oil", the anointed priest Jesua and King Zorobabel. The picture is that of the prov- idence of Yahweh and His two agents in the theocratic government of restored .Jerusalem; this i)rovidence is a type of the economy of grace in the Messianic king- dom. Verses 6b-10a seem to be out of place and to belong rather to the end of the chapter or after iii, 10; this latter is the opinion of Van Hoonacker, "Les douze petits proph^tes" (Paris, 190S). (f) The flying parchment-roll (v, 1-4). — Upon it is the curse of Yahweh that enters in to consume the house of every thief and perjurer. The scene of the prophetic vision has shifted backward several hundred years to (he days of the thunderings and denunciations of Isaias, Amos, and Osee; from that distant viewpoint .are .seen the effects of Israel's .sins and Yahweh's maledictions, — the Babylonian exile, (g) The wom;in in the epha (v, .5-11). — She is forced into the mea.sure, the lid is shut to, a leaden weight is laid thereon; .she is hurried off to the land of Sennaar. The pic(>ire is symbolic of the wickedness of Israel tninsported perforce to Babylon, (h) The four chariots (vi, 1-8). — Bearing the wrath of Yahweh, to the four comers of the earth