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failed to produce that homelike, mystical warmth of feeling which appeals to the beholder in so many of the simple unadorned works of the Middle Ages, the reason for this must be found in the conditions of the period, which was that of the "Enlightenment". Just as a cold Rationahsm prevailed in the theology of that day, so to a certain degree it was also evidenced in ecclesiastical wood-carving.

MoLiNlER, Histoire generate des arts appliques a Vindustrie (Paris, 1896) ; Le Mobilier (Paris, s. d.) ; Labahte, Histoire des arts industriets au moyen-dge et a I'epoque de la renaissance (Paris, 1864-1866): Roe, Ancient Coffers and Cupboards (London. 1902); LuTHMER, Deutsche Mohel der Veryangenheit (Leipzig, 1902); Litchfield, Hov> to Collect Old Furniture (London, 1904); Singleton, Dutch and Flemish Furniture (London, 1907); Lehnert. Illustrierte Gesch. des Kunstgewerbes (Berlin, n. d.)

Beda Kleinschmidt.

Woodcock, John, Venerable, EngUsh Francis- can martyr, b. at Leyland, Lancashu-e, 1603; suffered at Lancaster, 7 August, 1646. His parents, Thomas and Dorothy Woodcock, the latter a Catholic, were of the middle class. He was converted about 1622, and after studying at Saint-Omer for a year was admitted to the English College, Rome, 20 October, 1629. On 16 May, 1630, he joined the Capuchins in Paris, but soon afterwards transferred himself to the English Franciscans at Douai. He received the habit from the Venerable Henry Heath in 1631 and was professed by the Venerable Arthur Bell a year later. For some years he lived at Arras as chaplain to Mr. Sheldon. Late in 1643 he landed at Newcastle-on-Tyne, and was arrested on the first night he spent in Lancashire. After two years' imprisonment in Lancaster Castle, he was condemned, on his own confession, for being a priest, together with two seculars, Edward Bamber and Thomas Whittaker, 6 August, 1646. When he was flung off the ladder the rope broke. Having been hanged a second time, he was cut down and disembowelled alive. The Franciscan nuns at Taunton possess an arm-bone of the martyr.

FOLEV, Records English Province S. J., VI (London 1878-83), 322; Ch-\lloner, Missionary Priests^ II (Edinburgh, 1877), no. 1S5; Stanton, Menology of England and Wales (London, 1887), 383-4; Thaddeus, Franciscans in England 1600-1SS9 (London and Leamington, 1898), 69, 70; Pollard in Diet. Nat. Biog. s. v. Woodcock, Martin.

John B. Wainewright.

Woodfen, Nicholas, Vener.^ble. See Stran- SHA.M, Edward, Venerable.

Woodhead, Abraham, b. at Almonbury, York- shire, about March, 1609; died at Hoxton, Middlesex,

4 May, 1678. This voluminous controversial -nTiter was educated at University College, Oxford, entering in 1624, becoming fellow in 1633, and proctor in 1641. While travelUng abroad in 164.5 he began to think of joining the Catholic Church, but the exact date of his reception is not known. Ejected from his fellow- ship in 1648, he became tutor to the young Duke of Buckingham, and then lived with the Earl of Essex and other friends till 1654, when he and some other Catholics purchased a house at Hoxton, where they lived a community life, occupying themselves in devotion and study. In 1660 his fellowship was restored, but after a brief residence in O.xford he returned to the more congenial surroundings at Hox- ton, where, assured of the income of his fellowship, he lived till his death occupied in literary labours. His friend Hearne t he ant iquarian declared him to be "one of the greatest men tliat ever this nation pro- duced". Among his numerous books the chief origi- nal works were "Ancient Church Government",

5 parts (1662-8.")); "Guide in Controversies" (1667), and a long aiipendix thereto (1675); four theological works against SliUingfleet; " Life of Chri.st " (1685); "Motives to llolv Living" (1688); "Discourse on the Eucharist "(ItiSS); "On Images and Idolatry" (1689), and an incoiiiiilctc treatise on Antichrist (1689). He also translated (he "Life of St. Teresa" and St.

Augustine's "Confessions", and paraphrased the Epistles of St. Paul (with Walker and AUestree) and the Apocalypse. A large collection of his unpublished M>sS., with autograph letters and writings relating to him, which was formed in the eighteenth century by Cuthbert Constable, is now in the possession of Sir Thomas Brooke, F.S.A., of Armitage Bridge, Hudders- field.

Berington, Life of Abraham Woodhead, prefixed to part III of his Ancient Church Government (1736); Nicholson, Few partic- ulars relating to Mr. Woodhead' s life and works, in MS., but used by Cooper in Diet. Nat. Biog., who also gives a complete list of the works; Brooke, Catalogue of books and MSS. collected by Thomas Brooke (1891) ; Dodd. Church History, III (Brussels vere Wolverhampton, 1742); Wood, Athena Oionienses (London, 181.3-20), Catholic Miscellany (1825); GiLLOw in Bibl. Diet. Eng. Cath., with complete list of works.

Edwin Burton.

Woods, Julian Edmund Tenison, priest and scien- tist, b. at Southwark, London, 15 Nov., 1832; d. at Sydney, New South Wales, 7 Oct., 1889, sixth son of James Dominick Woods, a lawj'er, and Henrietta Mary St. Eloy (a convert), second daughter of Rev. Joseph Tenison, Rector of Don- oughmore, ^\'ick- low, Ireland. He was baptized in the Belgian Chapel, South- wark, and was confirmed by Bishop (later Cardinal) Wise- man; he was edu- cated in a Cath- olic school at Hammersmith, and later at New- ington Grammar School, Surrey. For a time he was employed on the staff of the "Times", and became interested in the work of the Catholic schools. In his eighteenth year he entered the Passionist novitiate, but, owing to ill-health, soon left. Going to the South of France he taught in Mont-Bel college for naval cadets at Toulon, where he developed a taste for geology and natural science. In France he met Bishop Willson of Hobart Town, Van Dieman's Land (Tasmania), whom he accompanied thither in 1854 as assistant in the Cathohc schools. Later he went to Adelaide, and became sub-editor of the "Ade- laide Times". Meanwhile he studied with the Aus- trian Jesuits at Sevenhill and was ordained priest at St. Patrick's, Adelaide, on 4 January, 1857. A large tract of country in the south-eastern district, having Penola for a centre and extending over 22,(XX) square miles, was entrusted to his charge. To provide for the Catholic education of the cliildren in his extensive parish he founded at Penola in 1866 the Sisters of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart, placing a Miss Maiy MacKillop in ch;irge of the first school. From this humble beginning the Sisters under Mother Mary (MacKillop) of the Cross have grown into the present flourishing congregation with numerous houses spread over Australia and New Zealand.

In 1866 Bisho[) Shell of Adelaide appointed Father Woods his private secretary, chaplain and director- general of schools. In 1867 Sister Mary, later mother-general, advisedly opened the novitiate of the Sisters of St. JilscjiIi at Kensington ne;ir Norwood, Adelaide. .She sjienl the wliole of her religious life in Australia. In lSt)9 I<'ather Woods founded the

Jduan Edmund Tenison Woods