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supposes that it may have been the seat of a parish priest invested with the episcopal dignity. But, as has ah'eady been pointed out, there are no positive data to establish this hypothesis.

In its historical beginnings the Diocese of Wlo- clawek comprised the whole territory of Kujawia (Ziemia Kujawska) divided into the two palatinates of Inowroclaw and Brest. Subsequently, the territory extending from the left bank of the Vistula, and from the River Xotec, to the Baltic was added. This added territorj' is called, in Pohsh, Pomerania; in German, PommereUa. Under Bishop Mathias Lu- bienski its territory was increased by the villages of Ciechocin, Dobrzejewice, Chelmica, Zaduszniki, Nowogrod, antl Zlotoria, taken from the jurisdiction of Ploek. This cession was confirmed by Urban VIII in 1640. In 1764 Bishop Antonius Ostrowski ob- tained from the Archbishop of Gnesen the city of Wolborz with adjacent villages and the church of the Franciscans at Smarzewice, an arrangement confirmed by the Holy See on 13 August of the same year. Kujawia was divided into two archdeaconries; Krnsz- wica and \Moclawek, while Pomerania, after the thir- teenth century, formed a separate archdeaconry. These tliree archdeaconries existed until the first partition of Poland. According to an historical docu- ment of 1326 cited by Theiner (Mon. hist. Pol., I, 268), the archdeaconry of Kruszwica comprised 22 parishes; that of Woclawek, 30; that of Pomerania, 9. In 1.577 there were US churches in Kujawia; in 1633 there were 123, and 149 in Pomerania. In 1769 the diocese, harassed by wars and Protestantism, counted only 242; and in the same year there were 160,988 Catholic families.

In 1818 the Diocese of Wloclawek underwent a complete change of boundaries, pursuant to the Bull "Ex imposita nobis" of Pius VII. All Pomorania, with the cities of Kruszwica, Strzelno, Bj'dgoszcz, and InowTOclaw, jia-ssed under the dominion of Prussia. The new diocese took the name of Wloclawek and Kalisz (Vladislaviensis sen C'alissiensis). Of its 344 churches only 59 belonged to the old diocese, the rest being taken from the Dioceses of Posen, Plock, Cracow, Breslau, and Gnesen. In 1912 the Diocese of Wlo- clawek and Kalisz comprised 13 deaneries (Wloclawek, Nieszawa, KaUsz, Kolo, Konin, Sieradz, Slupca, Turek, Wiehm, Piotrkow, Czenstochowa, Lask, Radomsk), with 3.52 ])arish or sub.sidiary churches. The total number of cliurches was 511, of which 286 were of stone and 125 of wood; the chapels numbered 176, of which 114 were of stone. The Catholic pop- ulation was 1,461,147. The most important centres were Wloclawek, with 40,.500 souls; Brest (Brzesc), famous for the councils held there, out of which grew the Ruthenian Uniat Church, 6000 Cat holies ; Sluzewo, 85(X) Catholics; Kalisz, 22,000; Konin, 7200; Sier- adz, 9600; Szadek, 7000; Zagorow, 8306; Turek, 11,100; Wielun, 7123; Piotrkow, 30,000; Czenstoch- owa, 70,000; Klobucko, 14,000; Truskolasy, 10,764; Pabjanice, 15,00(i; Hadomsk, 20,514.

The first Bishop of Kruszwica — which was the first episcopal see of the Diocese of Wloclawek according to Dlugosz — was Ludicus, who died in 9!)3. Between 993 and 1133 the old Polish historians give the names of eight bishops: Maurice, or Lawrence, Marcellus, Venantius, .\ndre;is, .John Baptist, Pauhnus, Baldwin, and Suidger. But this list is apocryphal and at most, according to Chodyneski, gives the names of the parish priests of Ivruszwica or of the superiors of a monastery which existed there. The first Bisho]) of Wloclawek, whose name occurs in the Bull of Eugene III of 1148, is Warner. He was succeeded by Onol- dus, an Italian by birth (1161-80). According to Chodynski's list, Onoldus was followed by two bishops, Rudgerus (d. 1170) and Wunelphus, or Wunulphus, or Onolphus (d. 1187). These two are omitted in Fijalek's list, and his authority is of greater hiatoricEd

value than Chodynski's. From 1187 to 1198 one Stephen, a German by birth, according to Rzepnicki, is called episcopus Cuiaviensis. Then followed Ogerius, an Itahan (1207-12); Bartha, a Roman (1215-20), who took part in the Synod of Woborz (1215); Michael, a Pole (1222-52), who restored the archdeaconry of Kruszwica, suppressed by Ogerius; Wolmir (1252-75); Adalbertus, Alberus, or Alber (1275-83) ; Wislaw (1284-1300); Gerward (1300-23), who had to contend with the efforts of the Prussian Knights of the Cross to WTest some of his territory from him; Mathias Golanczewski (1.323-68), who abdicated in 1364; Zbilut Golanczweski (1364-83); Teodryk (1383-84); John, Prince of Opolis (1384-89; 1402-21); Henry, Prince of Lignica (1389-98); Nicholas of Curow (1399-1402); John Pella of Niewiesz (1421-28); John Szafraniec (1428-33), chancellor of the Kingdom of Poland; Ladislaus of Oporowa (1433-49); Nicholas Lasocki (1449-.50), who died at Terni returning from Rome, whither he had gone as ambassador for Casimir JagieUonczyk (1447-92); John Gruszczynski (1449-63), chancellor of the kingdom; John Lutka (1463-64); James of Siena (1464-73); Zbigniew of Olesnica (1473-80); Andrew of Oporowa (1481-83); Peter Moszynski (1484-94); Creslao (Krzeslau) of Kurozwenk (1494- 1.503), chancellor of the kingdom; VincentiusPrzerenb- ski (1503-13); Mathias of Drzewice (1513-31); John Kamowski (1531-38); Lucas of Gorka (1538-42); Nicholas Dzierzgowski (1543-46); Andreas Zebrzy- dowski (1.546-51); John Drohojowski (1551-57); James Uchanski (1557-61); Nicholas Wolski (1562- 67); Stanislaus Kamkowski (1567-81), who published the documents of the provincial Synod of Gnesen (1578); Jerome Rozdrazewski (1581-1600), who died at Rome in the odour of sanctity; John Tarnowski (1600-03); Peter Tyhcki (1604-07"); Adalbert Baran- owski (1607-08); Mathias Petrokowski (1608-09); LawTence Gembicki (1609-15); Paul Wolucki (1616- 22); Andreas Lipski (1623-31); Mathias Lubienski (1631-11); Nicholas Gniewosz (1642-54); Florian Czartoryski (1654-74); John Gembicki (1674-75); Stanislaus Sarnowski (1677-80); Bonaventure Moda- hnski (1681-91); Stanislaus Dambski (1691-99); Stanislaus Szembek (1699-1706); Fehcian Szanawski (1707-20); Christopher Szembek (1720-38); Adam Grabowski (1738-41); Valens Czapski (1741-51); Antonius Dembowski (1752-62); Antonius Ostrowski (1762-66); Joseph Rybinski (1777-1806). On the death of Rybinski the See of Wloclawek remained vacant for nine years. Francis Malczewski was bishop from 1815 to 1818. In 1819 the Diocese of Wloclawek, with new boundaries determined by the BuU "Ex imposita nobis", received as its bishop Andrew Wollowicz (1819-22), who was succeeded by Joseph Stephen Kozmian (1823-31). The see then remained vacant until 1837, when Valentine Tomazewski was elected bi.shop (1837-50). He was followed by Nichohus Blocki (d. 1851); John Michael Marzew.ski (1856-57); Vincent Popiel (1867-83) Alexander Beresniewicz (1883-1902); Stanislaus Casimir Zdzitowiecki.

The see also had suffragan bishops; the first of whom there is any mention was L'bricus, suffragan of John, Prince of i)ole (1402-21). Kreslaus of Kurozwenk obtained an edict in virtue of which the abbots of the Cistercian Monastery of Koronow h.ad the dignity of suffragan bishops of their dioceses; but the decree was not obeyed. Mathias Drjewicki had the canon Alexander of Miszin consecrated .is his suffragan bishop in 1515, with the title of Bishop of Margarita. Bishop Kamowski endeavoured, by means of a capitular constitution, to obtain that the suffragan bishops of his diocese should be elected from among the prelates and canons of Wloclawek. Bishop Ostrowski obtained from the Holy See a new suffragan bishop for Pomerania, but this suffragan see had only