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WINDISCHMANN

of the Vulgate text and of the text of various Fathers was also undertaken. Gabriel Bicl, "the last German scholastic", was a member of the congrega- tion. A number of books were translated into Ger- man, and, besides the regular monastic library, a Ubrary of German works wa.s established in each house for lending to the people. The chief historical importance of the Windesheim Canons lies in their reforming work. This was not confined to the re- form of monasteries, but was extended to the secular clergy and the laity, whom they especially sought to bring to gi-eater devotion towards the Blessed Sacrament and more frequent communion. The chief of the Windesheim monastic reformers was Johann Busch (b. 1399; d. 1480). This remarkable man was clothed at Windesheim in 1419. At the chapter of 1424 Prior Johann Vos, who knew his own end was near, especially entrusted Busch and Her- mann Xanten with the carrying out of his work of reform (Chron. Wind., 51). Grube gives a listof forty-three monasteries (twenty-seven Augustinian, eight Benedictine, five Cistercian, and three Pre- monstratensian), in whose reform Busch had a share; perhaps his greatest conquest was the winning to the side of reform of Johann Hagen, for thirty years (1439-69) Abbot of Bursfeld and the initiator of the Benedictine Congregation known as the Union of Bursfeld. In 1451 Busch was entrusted by his friend Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa, legate of Nicholas V, with the reform of the North German monasteries, and with such labours he was busied till shortly be- fore his death.

Similar work on a smaller scale was carried out by other Windesheimers. Some Protestant WTiters have claimed the Windesheim reformers as fore- runners of the Protestant Reformation. This is a misapprehension of the whole spirit of the canons of Windesheim; their object was the reform of morals, not the overthrow of dogma. The conduct of the communities of Windesheim and Mount St. Agnes, who preferred exile to the non-observance of an interdict published by Martin V, exemphfies their spirit of obedience to the Holy See.

Busch, Chronicon Windesemense and Liber de refannatione manasteriorum, ed. Grube in Geschichisquellen der Provim Sack- sen, XIX (Halle, 1886); Onbekende Kronijk van het Kloosler ie Windesheim, ed. Becker in Bijdragen en Mededeelingen van het Historiach Genootschap. (Utrecht); Thomas a Kempis, Chronicle of the Canons Regular of Mount St. Agnes, tr. Pott (London, 1906) : Thomas a Kempis, Founders of the New Devotion, _ tr. Pott (London, 1905); Regula B. Augustini cum constitutionibus Canonicorum regularium capituli Windesemensis (Utrecht, 1553); Regula et Constitutiones. . . Congregationis Windesemensis (Louvain, 1639); Acquoy, Klooster te Windesheim (Utrecht, 1880); Grube. Johannes Busch (Freiburg im Br., 1881); Cruise. Thomas i Kempis, pt. II (London. 1887) ; Scully, Life of the Ven. Thomas a Kempis (London. 1901) ; Kettlewell, Brothers of the Common Life (2 vob., London, 1882); Heimbucher, Orden u. Kongregalionen, II (Paderborn, 1907), 38; Mohlberg, Rudulph de Rim (Louvain, 1911).

Ratmund Webster.

Winding Sheet of Christ, Feast op the Holy. In 1206 one of the (supposed) Winding Sheets used at the burial of Christ was brought to Besancon by Otto de La Roche, and the feast of its arrival (Sus- cepHo) was ordered to be kept on 11 July. At pres- ent it is a double of the first class in the cathedral, and of the second class in the diocese. The Office is very beautiful. Another feast originated about 1495 at Chamb^ry, in Savoy, to honour the so-called sudarin of Christ which came there in 1432 from Lirey in Burgundy, and which since 1578 is venerated in the royal chiipel of the cathedral of Turin. This feast is celebrated on 4 May, the day after the In- vention of the Cross, and was approved in 15(M) by Julius II; it is now kept in Savoy, Piedmont, and Sardinia as the patronal feast of the royal House of Savoy (4 May, double of the first chiss, with octave). A third feasti the Fourth Sunday in Lent (transhition to a new shrine in 1092), was during the Middle Ages

kept at Compiegne in France, in honour of a winding sheet broiight there from Aachen in 877. The feast which since 1831 is contained in the appendix of the Breviary, on the Friday after the Second Sunday in Lent, is independent of any particular relic, but be- fore 1831 it was rarely found in the diocesan calendars. It has not yet found its way into the Baltimore Ordo. The office is taken from the Proprium of Turin.

NiLLES, Kalendarium Manuals (Innsbruck. 1897); RoHAULT DE Fleuby. Instruments de la Passion (Paris, 1870) ; Chevalier, Le Saint-Suaire de Turin in Analecta BoUandiana (1900).

F. G. HOLWECK.

Windischmann, Fribdeich Heinrich Hugo, orientalist and exegete, b. at AschafTenburg, 13 December, 1811; d. at Munich, 23 August, 1861. He was a son of the philosopher Karl Joseph Windisch- mann; studied philosophy, classical philolog>', and Sanskrit at Bonn, theolog>' at Bonn and Munich, and Armenian with the Meehitarists at Venice. After receiving the doctorate in theology at Munich, 2 Jan., 1,836, he was ordained priest on 13 March following; seven months later he became vicar of the cathedral and secretary of Archbishop Gebsattel of Munich. In 1838 he was professor-extraordinary of canon law and New-Test anient exegesis at Freising, but resigned when appointed canon of the cathedral in 1839. In 1842 he was chosen a member of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences and in 1846 became Vicar-General of Munich. He accompanied Archbishop Reisach to the episcopal conference at Wiirzburg in 1848, and was with him in Rome, when the dogma of the Immaculate Conception was defined in 1854. When Reisach was created cardinal and took up his residence in Rome, Windischmann became a simple canon on 27 .'Vugustj 1856. His fearless defence of the papal and ecclesiastical rights against the frequent encroachments of the State often brought him in conflict with the civil autliorities. He was a prudent director of souls and in much demand as a confessor. He was one of the greatest orientalists of his time, being especially versed in the Armenian and Old Persian languages, and in the various Sans- krit dialects. Among his works the following are note- worthy: "Sancara sive de theologumenis Vedanti- corum" (Bonn, 1839); " Ueber den Somacultus der Arier" in "Abhandlungen der mimchener Akademie" (1846); "Ursagen der arischen Volker" (ib., 1853); "Die persische Anahita oder Ana'itis" (ib., 1856); "Mithra" in "Abhandlungen ftir die Kundedes Mor- genlandes" (18.57); and a posthumous work "Zoroast- rische Studien" (Munich, 1863). " Vindicioe petrinte" (Ratisbon, 1863), a defence of the Epistles of St. Peter and his coming to Rome, directed against Baur and his school; and "Erklitrung des Briefes an die Galater" (Mainz, 1843), an excellent explanation of St. Paul's to the G.alatians.

Strodl, Friedrich H. H. Windischmann (Munich. 1862); Sio- hart, Dr. Fr. TFi/irfiscATminn (Augsburg, 1861): NfevE, Fr, Wind- ischmann et la haute philologie en AUemagne (Paris, 1863).

Michael Ott.

Windischmann, Karl Joseph Hierontmus, phi- losopher, b. at Mainz, 25 August, 1775; d. at Bonn, 23 April, 1839. He attended the gymnasium at Mainz, and in 1772 took the course in philosophy at the university there. He continued tliis course at Wiirzburg, where he also studied the natural sciences and medicine until 1796. After a year at Vienna he settled in 1797 as a practising physician at Mainz, where he also gave medical lectures. In 1801 the Elector of Mainz, Friedrich Karl Jose])li, summoned him to AschafTenburg as court physici.an. In 1803 Windischmann became professor of philosophy and hi.story at the institute for philosophy and theology at Aschaffenburg, and in 1818 was appointed jiro- fessor of philosophy and medicine at the University of Bonn. He took an active part against Herniesian- ism in the Univorsitv of Bonn, and when the investi-