Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 15.djvu/712

WINCKELMANN founded by St. Birinus in 634 for the Kingdom of Wessex, was subdivided into the Sees of Sherborne and Winchester. The two dioceses were ruled by one bishop until 676, when a real separation was effected. The Diocese of Winchester then consisted of Hampshire, Surrey, and Sussex; but Sussex was afterwards formed into the See of Chichester, and the Isle of Wight was added to Winchester. The church at Winchester, which became the cathedral of the new diocese, had been founded and endowed in 634 by King Cynegils, whose son Coenwealh added more lands to its possessions. When Wessex gradually assumed the supremacy the importance of the see greatly increased. After the metropohtan Sees of Canterbury and York, it ranked first among all Engllsh bishoprics till the reformation; this position the Anghcan see still enjoys. It gained increased honour by the episcopate and subsequent canonization of St. Swithin, its seventeenth bishop. When his relics were enshrined there the cathedral, which had been under the patronage of St. Amphibalus, was dedicated to St. Swithin. It occupied the site of an earller edifice dating from the Roman occupation, which had been converted into a pagan temple by the Saxons.

A new cathedral was built by Cynegils, and three hundred years later was enlarged by Bishop iEthelweald, who replaced the secular canons by Benedictine monks and built a large monastery. After the conquest the first Norman bishop, Walkelin, built a cathedral in the Norman style on a site near by; much of his work remains in the present edifice. To this new building (consecrated in 1093) the rehcs of St. Swithin were solemnly transferred, 15 July. Within its walls took place the burial of Wilham Rufus (1100), the coronation of Richard I (1194), the marriage of Henry IV (1401), and the marriage of Queen JMary (1.554). During the Middle Ages the building was gradually transformed from Norman to Gothic; the nave especially affords an interesting example of the way in which such changes were effected. This work, begun by Edington, was continued by the great bishop, William of Wykeham, and his successors. In 1378 Wykeham obtained the pope's hcence for the foundation of his great school at Winchester, and in 1387 he began the buildings which were opened in 1393. The original foundation provided for a warden, ten fellows, three chaplains, seventy scholars, and sixteen choristers.

The following is the list of bishops of Winchester with the dates of accession (after 909 the chronology is certain):

St. Frithustan, 909 St. Beornstan, 931 .Elfhcah I, 934 ,Ifsige I, 9.51 Beorhthelm, 960 St. ,thelweald I, 963 St. ,Ifheah II, 984 Ceonwulf, 1006 ,thelweald II, 1006 ,Ifsige II, 1012 or 1014 yElfwine, 1032 Stigand, 1047 ,Ifsige III (doubtful) Walkehn, 1070 William de Giffard, 1100 Henry de Blois, 1129 Vacancy, 1171 Richard Toehve, 1174

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Winchester Cathedral

Wini, 662-63 Hlothcrc (Leutherius),

670-76 St. Hajddi, 676-705 Daniel, 705-44 Hunfrith, 744-54 Cyneheard, d. before 778 ,thelheard, d. before 778 Ecgbeald, d. 781-85 Dudd, d. 781-85 Cyncbeorht, d. 801-03

Eahlmund, d. 80.5-14 Wigthegn (Wigferth or

Wignumd), d. 833 Herefrith, d. 833 Eadmund (uncertain) Eadhun, d. 838 Helmstan, S38(?) SI. Swithin, 8.52-62 Ealhfrith, d. 871-77 Tunbeorht, d. 877-79 Denewulf, 879-909

Godfrey de Lucy, 1189 Peter de la Roche, 1204 Vacancv, 1238 William de Raleigh, 1244 Aymer de Valence, 1250 Vacancv, 1261 John of Exeter, 1265 Nicholas of Ely, 1268 Vacancy, 1280 John de Pontissara, 1282 Henrv ,,"oodlock, 1305 John Sandale, 1316 Reginald Asser, 1320 John Stratford, 1.323 Adam Orleton, 1333 Wilham Edingdon, 1346 Wilham of Wykeham, 1367

Henrv of Beaufort,

145 William of WajTj fleete, 1447 Peter Courtenay,

1486 Thomas Langton,

1493 Richard Fox, 1500 Thomas Wolsey.

1.529 Stephen Gardiner,

1531 John White, 1556-60 (last Catholic bishop)

The diocese contained 362 parishes under two archdeaconries, Winchester and Surrey. The arms of the see were gules two keys endorsed in bend, the uppermost argent, the other or, a sword interposed between them in bend sinister, of the second, pommels and hilts of the third.

Britton, History and Antiquities of Winchester Cathedral (London, 1817); Clarendon .\.nd Gale, History and Antiquities of the Cathedral Church of Winchester (London, 1715); Wahton, Description of City, College and Cathedral of Winchester (Winchester, 1750); Annales Monast. de Wintonia 1,519-1277) in Luard, Annates Monastici, H. S. (London, 1865): Idem in Mon. Germ, Hist.: Script.. XVI, XXVII (Berlin. 1859-85), tr. in Church Historians of England, IV (London, 185U), i; Cassan, Lives of the Bishops of Winchester (2 vols., London, 1827); Milxer. History and survey of the Antiquities of Winchester (Winchester. 1798-1801); Winkles, English Cathedrals (London, 1860); Winchester Cathedral Records (Winchester. 1886); Sergeant, Winchester: the Cathefiral and See (London, 1898); Searle, Anglo-Saxon Bishops, Kings and Nobles (Cambridge, 1899); Kirbt, .innals of Winchester College from 1382 (London, 1892); Leach, History of IFl'nchester College (London, 1899).

Edwin Burton.

Winckelmann,, archaeologist and historian of ancient art, b. at Stendal near Magdeburg, in 1717; assassinated at Triest, in 1768. After a wandering life devoted, in spite of scanty means, to the eager acquisition of knowledge, especially of Classical learning, he settled in Saxony in 1748. Here, close to Dresden with its art treasures, he obtained a position in the library of a count and had opportunities to visit the libraries and art collections of the capital. He derived much benefit from his acquaintance with the painter Friedrich Oeser, by whom he was led to give his attention to the critical judgment of works of art and who stimulated him to write the work "Gedanken über die Nachahnumg der griechischen Werke in der Malerei und Bildhaucrkunst" (1755). In this book, written with extravagant enthusiasm for antiquity, the expression, "noble simplicity and calm greatness of Greek statues", occurs for the first time. Winckelmann was also a friend of 