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 TRIESNECKER

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TRIESNECKER

of the Catholic Church in Germany. In this way his see became involved in the Thirty Years War. His successor,PhiUp Christopher vonSotern (1623-52), withdrew from the League, formed an aUiance with France, and permitted the French to garrison the fortress of Ehrenbreitstein. When he made advances to the Swedes he was captured by the Spanish troops in 1635 under suspicion of heresy, and was kept a prisoner at Vienna until 1645. In the struggle between the imperial troops and the French the arch- diocese was often devastated. Charles Caspar von der Leyen (1652-76) had scarcely repaired the dam- age done by the Thirty Years War by an excellent administration, when the marauding wars of Louis XIV of France brought fre.sh misery upon the coun- try. John Hugo von Orsbeck (167^1711) refused to recognize the seizure of some of his territories and their incorporation into France by Louis XIV through what was called the "reunions", neither would he take the oath of loyalty to Louis. Consequently, during the years 1684-97 large parts of the see were garrisoned by French troops.

During the long period of peace in the eighteenth century the archdiocese had excellent rulers. Francis Louis von Pfalz-Neuburg (1716-29) gave particular attention to the organization of the administration of justice, and raised the decaying university by estab- lishing new professorships. Francis George von Schon- born (1729-56) encouraged learned studies and founded a university library and building. The short administration of John Philip von Walderdorf (1756-68) was followed by the reign of the last Elector of Trier, Clement Wenceslaus, Duke of Saxony (1768-1812), who was also Bishop of Augsbavg. He gained a reputation by improving the schools and reforming the monasteries, but, on the other hand, influenced by the ideas of the "Enlightenment", he supported Febronianism, shared in the labours of the Congress of Ems (q. v.), and also was involved in the dispute about the nunciatures (see Nuncio). After the out- break of the French Revolution the territories of Trier, especially Coblenz, became the gathering place of the French emigres. In 1794 Trier and Coblenz were besieged by the French. In 1797, by the Peace of Campo-Formio, the part of the archdiocese on the left bank of the Rhine was ceded to France; in 1797 the university was suppressed. In 1801 the Peace of Lun^ville gave to France, in addition, the fortress of Ehrenbreitstein. When the German Church was secularized in 1803, the section of the archdiocese on the right bank of the Rhine was also secularized and the greater part of it was incorporated into Nassau. Clemens Wenceslaus renounced his rights in return for an annual pension of 100,000 gulden and with- drew to the Diocese of Augsburg. An ecclesiastical administration, which lasted until 1824, was estab- lished in Ehrenbreitstein for the part of the former archdiocese on the right bank of the Rhine. The French Diocese of Trier was established in 1801 for the section of the former archdiocese which had been ceded to France. It embraced hardly a third of the old diocese and was made suffragan to Mechlin. Its first and only bishop was Charles Mannay (1802-16). The Congress of Vienna gave the territory included in this diocese once more to Germany, largely to Prussia and the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg. In 1816 Bishop Charles Mannay resigned his office and retired to France, where he died in 1824 as Bishop of Rennes. For six years the sec remained vacant, the adminis- tration being conducted in the interim by Hubert Anthony Corden as vicar-general, from 1818 as vicar Apostolic. On the reorganization of the Catholic Church in Prussia in 1821, Trier was revived as a simple diocese by tin; Bull "De salute animarum", made suffragan to Cologne, and received about its present territory. In 1824 it contained 531 parishes with 580,000 Catholics.

The first bishop of the new diocese was Joseph von Hommer ( 1 824-36). The election of his successor, Wil- liam Arnoldi (1842-64), which took place in 1839 and was renewed in 1842, was not recognized by the Govern- ment until Frederick William IV ascended the throne. Arnoldi did a great deal for there awakening of Cath- olic consciousness in Germany. The exhibition of the Holy Coat, which he brought about in 1844, led to the forming of the sect called German CathoUcs. He was succeeded by Leopold Pelldram (1865-67), formerly chaplain general of the Prussian army, who was fol- lowed by Matthias Eberhard (1867-76), who enjoys the honours of a Confessor of the Faith. Eberhard was one of the first to suffer by the KxiUurkampf -which broke out in Prussia. After being repeatedly con- demned to pay heavy fines he was sentenced on 6 March, 1876, to ten months imprisonment. Trier was one of the dioceses that suffered the most during the Kulturkampf. The number of its parishes robbed of their parish priests amounted to 197, while nearly 294,000 Catholics lacked regular spiritual care. After the death of the bishop on 30 May, 1876, the see was vacant for five years and had to be secretly adminis- tered by an Apostolic Delegate. Finally in 1881, through the personal efforts of Leo XIII, an agree- ment was made with the Prussian Government, and Michffl Felix Korum (cathedral canon and parish priest of the minster at Strasburg) was appointed Bishop of Trier by the pope, consecrated at Rome on 19 August, and enthroned on 25 September. Up to the present day the bishop has sought to repair the damage inflicted upon his diocese by the Kultur- kampf, through the confessional, the pulpit, and religious associational life. He has founded religious institutions for education, and promoted the estab- hshment of numerous houses of the orders. The exhibition of the Holy Coat in 1891 which he carried out was the occasion for impressive demonstrations of Catholic faith and life in Germany (cf. Korum, "Wunder und Gnadenerweise, die sich bei der Aus- stellung 1891 zugetragen haben". Trier, 1894).

A complete bibliography is to be found in Marx, Tresirensia. Liieraturkiinde zur Gesch. der Trierer Lande (Trier, 1909). Moat important works are: Brouwer and Masenius, Antiquitatum et annalium Trmrensium libri XXV (Liege 1670-71) HoN- THEiM, Hist. Trevirenbts diplomatica et pragmatica (Augsburg and Wurzburg, 1750), Idem Prodromus Uft Treiirensii (1757), Gesta Tremorum, ed WYTTENBirn *nd Miller (Trier, 1836-39) ; Marx. GescA des Fr ' T- r, i Tner lisSS- 186i); GoRz.Regesten der Er I I I ib Joharin II, 814-lSOS (Trier, 1859-t 1 li / R'gesteii (Coblenz, 1876-S6) Codex I, II tnw: ed GuNTHER (5 vols Coblenz In— -i i ^ / ur Gesch der vtittelrheinischen Terrilurit i cl /i^t-i llli-sTFR AND GoRZ (Coblenz, 1860-74), de Lorlnzi h Ur g ur Gesch sdmtlicher P/arreien der Diozesi Triti i I n r 1nn~i ^\t.erland Trierer Geschichtsquetlen (Tner isvn \ , \, I hu u Re gesten zur Gesch. dir Phemliin k a h n \rchu (4 vols., Bonn, 1902-07) s< horn t I im Isss- Vi92) \t^El, Die Reformation m Trier I I (((Leipzig and Halle, 1906-07) \ on Schrottek U \1 luii Tntr II (Bonn, 1908); Bastgen Die Gisch dis, Tri rtr Dumkapitels im Jl/i»eta;(er (Paderborn 1910) Ehald Die ^legel der Erzbwhdfe von Trier (Bonn, 1910). On art and architecture: von Wilmow- SKY, Der Doni zu Trier (Trier, 1874) ; Idem, Die Grabstntten der ErzbischSfe von Trier (Trier, 1876); Beissel, Gesch. der Trierer Kirchen (1888-89) ; Kruger and Kentenich, Trier zur ROmer- zeit u. im Mittetalter (Leipzig, 1911); von Schleinitz, Trier (Leipzig, 1909). One of the series, Beriihmte Kunstdtten: Cramer, Das rdmische Trier (Giitersloh, 1911). Most important period- icals: Tricrisches .irchiv (Trier, 1898 ), and its supplementary

numbers (Trier, 1901 ); Westdeutsche Zeilschri/t fiir Gesch. u.

Kunst (Trier, 1S82 ), with supplementary numbers.

Joseph Lins.

Triesnecker, Francis a Paula, astronomer, b. at Kirchberg on the Wagram, in Lower Austria, 2 April, 1745; d. at Vienna, 29 January, 1817. At the age of sixteen he entered the Society of Jesus, and, after several years' study of philosophy (Vienna) and mathematics (Tyrnau), he taught at various Jesuit colleges. After the suppression of the Society he went to Graz, where he completed his theological studies and was ordained .shortly afterwards. He soon attained a reputation as a mathematician and