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more convenient time of the year. Each day there should be a sermon on the Holy Eucharist and Bene- diction of the Blessed Sacrament, and on Sunday there should be besides a sermon on the Gospel and on the Holy Eucharist, at the parochial Mass. This triduum is specially for cathedral churches, though the bishops may also rcciuire other churches to have it. The prayer, "O Most Sweet Jesus" {Dulcissime Jesii), as given in the "Raccolta", is appointed for read- ing during Benediction. The triduum in honour of St. Joseph, prior to his feast on 19 March, was recom- mended by Leo XlII in the Encyclical "Quampri- mum pluries" (1.5 August, 1889), with the prayer, "To thee, O blessed Joseph." The most frequent occasions for a triduum are : when children are prepar- ing for their first Communion; among pupils in schools at the beginning of the scholastic year; among sem- inarians at the same time; and in religious communi- ties for those who are to renew their vows yearly or every six months. The exercises of these triduums are mainly meditations or instructions disposing the hearers to a devout reception of the sacraments of penance and of Holy Communion and to betterment of life.

St. John, The Raccolta (Gth od., London, 1912); Berinqer, Die Abldsse, ihr Wesen u. Gebrauch (Paderborn. 1900, tr., Fr., Paris, 1905).

John J. Wynne.

Trier, Diocese of (Trevirensis), suffragan of Cologne, includes in the Prussian province of the Rhine the governmental department of Trier, with the exception of two districts administered by mayors, and the governmental department of Coblenz with the exception of ten such districts that belong to the Archdiocese of Cologne; it also includes the Princi- pality of Birkenfeld belonging to the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (see map to article Germ.iny). The dio- cese is divided into 46 deaneries, each administered by a dean and a definitor. In 1911 it comprised 750 parishes, 28 parishes administered by vicars, 200 chaplaincies and similar ofRces, 70 administrative and school offices. In 1912 there were 711 parish priests, 28 parish vicars, 210 chaplains and curates, 122 eccle- siastics in other positions (administration and schools), 65 priests either retired or on leave of absence, 105 clergy belonging totheorders, 1,249,700 Cathohcs, and 450,000 persons of other faiths. In most of the country districts the population is nearly entirely Catholic; in the mining and manufacturing districts on the Saar, as well as on the Hunsrtick and in the valley of the Nahe River, the Cathohc faith is not so predominant. The cathedral chapter has the right to elect the bishop; besides the bishop there is al.so an auxiUary bishop. The chapter consists of a provost, a dean (the auxiliary bishop), 8 cathedral canons, 4 honorary canons; 6 curates are also attached to the cathedral. The educational institutions of the dio- cese for the clergy are the episcopal seminary for priests at Trier, which has a regent, 7 clerical pro- fessors, and 220 students, and the gymnasial semi- naries for boys at Trier and Priim.

Since the close of the KuUurkampf the rehgious or- ders have prospered greatly, and in 1911 there were in the diocese: a Benedictine Abbey at Maria-Laach con- taining 26 fathers, 80 brothers; a Franciscan mon- astery on the ApoUinarisberg at Reimagen, 9 fathers, 8 brothers; 2 houses of the Capuchins, 18 fathers, 12 brothei-s; 1 house of the Oblatcs, 5 fathers, 21 brothers; 2 houses of the PaUotines, 9 fathers, 24 brothers; 1 house of the Redemptorists, 9 fathers, 8 brothers; 1 house of the White Fathers, 5 fathers, 5 brothers; 1 house of the Fathers of the Divine Word, 21 fathers, 50 brothers; 126 Brothers of Charity in 4 houses, and 144 Brothers of St. Francis in 7 houses. The female orders and congregations in the diocese in 1911 were: Benedictine Nuns of the Perpetual Adora- tion, 1 house with 37 sisters; Sisters of St. Charles

Borromeo, 71 houses with 500 sisters; Servants of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, 4 houses, 41 sisters; Ser\'ing- Maids of Christ, 30 houses, 193 sisters; Dominican Nuns, 2 houses, 69 sisters; Sisters of St. Francis from the mother-houses at Aachen, Heithuizen, Olpe, and Waldbreitbach, 94 houses, 476 sisters; Capuchin Nuns, 1 house, 10 sisters; Sisters of St. Clement, 1 house, 6 sisters; Nuns of the Visitation, 1 house, 50 sisters; Sisters of the Holy Spirit, 47 houses, 300 sis- ters; Sisters of the Love of the Good Shepherd, 2 houses, 125 sisters; Sisters of the Poor Child Jesus, 1 house, 9 sisters; Sisters of St. Joseph, 1 house, 20 sis- ters ;JLIrsuhne Nuns, 5 houses, 220 Sisters; Sisters of St. Vincent de Paul, 7 houses, 30 sisters. The most important church of the diocese is the cathedral, the oldest church of a Christian bishop on German soil. The oldest section of the building goes back to the Roman era and was a church as early as the fourth century. In the course of time other parts were added which belong to all forms of architecture, al- though the Romanesque style preponderates. The cathedral contains the remains of twenty-five arch- bishops and electors as well as those of the last four bishops of Trier. The most precious of its numerous treasures is the Holy Coat of Christ, which, according to legend, was given to the Church of Trier by St. Helena. Two exhibitions of this venerable relic are worthy of special note: that of 1844, connected with the rise of the sect of German Cathohcs, and the one held in 1891, which attracted over two million pil- grims. Other noted churches in Trier are: the Church of Our Lady, one of the most beautiful eccle- siastical monuments of Gothic architecture, built 1227-43; the Church of St. Paulinus or of the Martyrs, the burial place of Bishop Paulinus, erected in 1734 in Rococo style to replace the old church destroyed by the French in 1674; the thirteenth-century Romanesque church of the former Benedictine Abbey of St .Matthias, containing the grave of St. Matthias, the only grave of an Apostle in Germany; it is much visited by pil- grims. Other noted churches of the diocese are: the churches of St. Castor and Our Lady at Coblenz, the abbey church of Maria-Laach, the old monastery churches of Priim, Miinstermaifeld, and Merzig; the Church of St. Maria at Oberwesel, the Gothic churches of Andernach, Boppard, Remagen, Sinzig, and of other places on the Rhine and the Moselle.

History. — The beginnings of the see of Trier are obscure. From the time of the Diocletian reorgani- zation of the divisions of the empire, Trier was the cap- ital of Belgica Prima, the chief city of Gaul, and fre- quently the residence of the emperors. There were Christians among its population as early as the sec- ond century, and there was probably as early as the third century a bishop at Trier, which is the oldest episcopal see in Germany. The first clearly authen- ticated bishop is Agricius who took part in the Council of Aries in 314. His immediate successors were St. Maximinus who sheltered the excommunicated St. Athanasius at Trier, and St. Paulinus, who was exiled to Phrygia on account of his opposition to Arianism. Little is known of the later bishops up to the reign of Charlemagne; during this intervening period the most important ones were St. Nicetius (.527-66) and Mag- nericus (d. 596), the confidant of the Merovingian king, Childebert II. The bishops during the reign of Charlemagne were: Wiomad (757-91), who accom- panied the emperor on his campaign against the Avars; Richbod (792-804), one of .Vlcuin's pupils; and Amalarius Fortunatus (809-14), sent by Charlemagne as ambassador to Constantinople, and the author of liturgical writings. Charlemagne's will proves that Trier at this era was an archdiocese; Metz, Toul, and Verdun are mentioned as its suffragans. In ti2 Charlemagne granted Wiomad complete immunity from the jurisdiction of the ruhng count for all the churches, monasteries, villages, and castles belonging