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Germany, and generously supplied many noted schol- ars, as Ussher and Colgan, with accurate copies of Irish ni:muscripts accompanied by critical emendations and valuable commentaries. His biographical notices of early Irish saints were utilized in the "Acta SS." What gave him the bent towards early Irish history seems to have been the publication at Frankfurt by Camden of two works by Gerald of Wales, libeUing Ireland and its people. In refutation he wrote his best-known work, "Apologia pro Hibernia adversus Cambri calumnias". After an absence of nearly thirty-eight years he returned to Ireland to join the staff at the Jesuit college recently established at Dublin. The college, however, was in a short time suppressed by the Government, and the property was confiscated and handed over to Trinity College. For some years he laboured in his native Diocese of Waterford and Lismore, mainly engaged in teaching catechism to children. In 1644 he went to Galway where he died.

HoOAN, Life of Father Stephen While, S.J., in The Waterford Archaeological Journal. Ill (1897) ; Reeve. Memoir of While (1861) ; Corcoran, Sliuties in the History of Classical Teaching, 1500- 1700 (Dublin. 1911); Kelly, not«a to Whjte, Apologia: SoM- MERvooEL, Bibl. de la comp. de Jisus.

M. J. Flaherty.

White, Stephen Mallory, American statesman; b. at San Francisco, California, 19 January, 1853; d. at Los Angclo-i, California, 21 February, 1901. His parents were Wilham F. White and Fannie J. (Russell), natives of Limerick, Ireland, and distinguished California pioneers of 1849. He was a grand-nephew of Gerald Griffin, the poet and novelist, and a cousin of Stephen Russell Mallory, Secretary of the Navy of the South- ern Confederacy. He was educated at the Jesuit Col- leges of St. Ignatius in San Francisco and Santa Clara in Santa Clara, Cal. In 1S74 he was admitted to the bar. He was a noted orator, a profound student, and was gifted with great natural ability which he em- ployed with tireless energy as a lawyer and in the ser- vice of his country. In 1886 he was elected, as a Democrat, state senator, lieutenant governor (1888), and United .States senator (1893). In the latter ca- pacity he served for six years and during that time was one of the leaders who forced the Pacific railroads to pay their enormous debt to the Government and who urged the construction of the Panama Canal. His most valuable service to the nation while in the United States Senate was his learned exposition of the complex questions of international and constitutional law involved in the war with Spain and in the annexa- tion of Hawaii and of the Philippines to tiie United States. These studies have been included in two volumes, published since his death, "Stephen M. White, His Life and Work" (Los Angeles, 1902), and have taken rank as classics among treatises on civil government. He was one of the lawyers who repre- sented the Church in the claim ag.'iinst Mexico grow- ing out of the "Pious Fund of the Californias". In 1896 the Democratic party in California endorsed him for President of the United States, but he declined to enter the contest. He was a devout though unob- trusive Catholic all his life, and died while suffering from overwork. The people of the LTnited States have, by popular subscription, erected a life-size statue of Senator White in bronze at Lob Angeles, where his remains repose.

MosHEB. Stephen M. While. His Life and Work (Lo-s Angplea, 1903); Bbvan. Republic or Empire (ChicaKO, 1899); Brtan. The First Bailie (rhirnKO. 1R96); Tbot. Journal American-Irish Hist. Society. IX (New York. 1911). 177; SnrcK, Hist, of the Bench and Bar in California (I«a AnKflcs. 1901); GriNN, Southern California (Chicago, 1902); James, Heroes of California (Boaton. 1910).

Robert P. Troy. Edward, pioneer Catholic, grandfather of the foregoing, b. in Co. Limerick, Ireland, in the latter part of the eighteenth century; d. Dec., 1863. Early in the nineteenth century he emigrated to .America, and settled at Binghamton, New York. Here he

founded and directed an academic institution for women. This school existed from 1830 until the death of Mrs. White in IS.'il. White had nine children. His five daughters entered reUgious orders; the most well-known among them was Madame Catherine White of the Religious of the Sacred Heart, author of text-books on mythology, classical literature, and church history. Of his sons the most distinguished was the eldest, James, a prominent lawyer in New York City.

John V. Simmons.

White (alias Blacklow, Blacloe, Albius, Anglus), Thomas, b. in Essex, 1593; d. in London, 6 July, 1676. Through his mother, Mary Plowden, who married Richard White of Hutton, Essex, he was grandson of the lawyer, Edmund Plowden. Edu- cated at St. Omer, ValladoUd, and Douai, he was or- dained priest on 25 March, 1617; he studied at the Sorbonne, became bachelor of divinity, and returned to Douai to teach theology, which he did, with inter- vals, till 1630, when he became president of the Eng- lish College, Lisbon. In 1633 he resigned and re- turned to England, where he devoted himself to the writing of about forty works, which caused a bitter theological controversy. Not only was he accused of employing new expressions and manners of speech not usual in Scholastic theology, but his views on purgatory, hell, and the infallibility of the pope, were unsound. Exception was also taken to his polit- ico-religious views, especially his teaching in favour of passive obedience to any established government. Several of White's opinions were censured by the In- quisition in decrees dated 14 May, 16,55, and 7 Sept., 1657, and many of his friends and former students publicly disclaimed his principles. Finally, he with- drew the censured opinions and submitted himself and his writings to the Holy See. He was chiefly op- posed by George Leyburn, the president of Douai, and Robert Pugh, the latter of whom wrote a life of him, not known now to exist, also a work called "Blacklo's Cabal", in which he accuses him of opposition to the regulars and to episcopal authority, and disloyalty to the pope. White, however, counted amongst his friends some of the leading secular clergy, who de- fended the solidity of his fundamental (ioctrine and maintained his loyalty to the Church, while disclaim- ing the doctrines to which exception was taken and which he had retracted

Holden, Letter to a Friend upon Mr. Blacklow's submitting his writings to the See of Rome (Paria, 1057); Idem, Epistola Bretis inqua de 22 proposilionibus ex librie Thomcr Angli ex Albiis excerp- iis. . . sententinm euam dicit (Paria, 1661); Idem, A letter to Mr. GraunI concerning Mr. White's treatise "de Medio animarum statu" (Paria, 1B61); PcGH. Blacklo's Cabal (a. I., 1680); Let- Burn, Letter written by G. L. to Mr. And. Knigh \ttey] and Mr. Tho, Med \calfe\ (Douai, 1656); Idem, An Epistle Declaraiorie (Douai, 16.57); Idem, The summe of Dr. Leyburn's Ansvere to a Letter printed against him by Mr. Blackloe (Douai, 1657); I-eybubn (or Warner), Vindicim Censurm Duacencr (Douai, 1661); Black- loancF Hccresis Historta et Confutalio (Ghent, 1075): DoDD, Chttrch History, III (Bruaaola tere Wolverhampton, 1737-42); Panzani, Memoirs (Birmingham, 1793); Plowden, Remarks on Panzani (Birmingham. 1793); KiBK. History of Lisbon College, e<l. Croft (London, 1902) : Gillow, Bibl. Diet. Eng. Calh., a.w. While. Holden. Pugh: Cooper, in Did. Sal. Biog.. a. v.: Third Dmmy Diary. C. R. .S.. x (London, 1911). e.apeeiaUy vol. II. 532 aqq. for Loyburno'a catalogue of prieata, in wjiich he distinguishes by pungent comments all White's supporters.

Edwin Birton. White Fathers (Missionaries of Our Lady of Africa of .Algeria). — This society known under the name of "Peres Blancs" or "White Fathers", was founded in 1868 by the first Archbishop of Algiers, later Cardin.'d T,avigerie. The famine of 1867 left a Large number of Arab ori'h.ans, and the education and Christian instruction of these children w.as the occasion of the founding of the society; but from its inception the founder had in mind the conversion of the Arabs and negroes of Central Africa. Mis- sionary posts were established in Kabylie and in the Sahara. In 1876 and in 1881 two caravans from South