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 TRICHUR

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TRIDUUM

tion) belong to the pailroado jurisdiction of the Dio- cese of Saint Thomas of Mj'lapur.

HisTORT. — Tlie present tiioccse comprises a large portion of the ancient Madura mission, so that down to the }-ear 1S36 its historj- will be found under Madura Mission. In that year the district was once more entrusted to the Society of Jesus, and its first vicar Apostolic was appointed in 1S45. In 1S86, on the estabUshment of the hierarehj', the \acariate became a tlioccse suffragan of Pondicherry; but in 1893 it was made suffragan of Bombay, as it still re- mains. Succession of prelates: Alexis Canoz, S.J., vicar ApostoHc 1S47, became fir.st bishop in 1S87, died in 18S8; John Mary Barthc, S.J., in 1890, resigned on account of failing sight in 1!(09; .\. Faisandier, S.J., coadjutor bishop from 1909. Educational institutions for boys: St. Josei)h's College, Trichinopoly, first opened at Negapatam in 1846, transferred to Trichin- opoly in ISSo, with about 1800 pupils, prepares stu- dents for the degree of M. A. in Madras University; boarding-house for native Catholic boys; eccle- siastical seminarj' to prepare boys for one at Kandy; lower secondar)- school for Europeans and Eura- sians and seven primarj' schools for natives, with total of 60t) pupils, all at Trichinopoly; St. Xav- ier's High School, Palamcottah, with boarding- house and St. Anthony's primary school; St. Xav- ier's High School, Tuticorin; St. Marj''s High School, Madura; lower secondary schools at Pal- amcottah, Dindigul, Uttamplayama; industrial schools at Trichonopoly, Irudaiyakulam, and Adai- kalaburam; training schools for teachers at the same places; [irimary schools in the diocese number 260, with 11,027 pupils. For girls: St. Joseph's High School and lower secondarj- school, Trichinopoly, for European and Eurasian girls, both under Daugh- ters of the Cross; three secondary schools for native girls (Trichinopoly) under Sisters of Our Lady of Seven Dolours, also training schools for mistresses; lower secondary schools at Palamcottah, Madura, Tuticorin, \'adakangulam, Manapad, Satankulam; primary schools at Dindigul, Sarakanai, and several other \allages; industrial school (Tuticorin) under Daughters of the Cross. Various institutions: or- phanages for children born of pagan parents at Trichin- opoly, Madura, and Adaikalaburam, and one for girls at Palamcottah; dispensaries in five places; asylums for native widows at Trichinopoly, Sarakanai, Adaika- laburam, and for Brahmin widows at Trichinopoly; St. Marj''s Tope, a settlement in Trichinopoly for Brahmin converts, opened in 1893, has (1912) 45 resi- dents; catechumenates for men and women in three places, besides ;issociations of voluntarj' catechists who give their leisure time to teaching on Sundays and feasts; St. Joseph's College Press, which publishes the " Tamil Messenger of the S. Heart '', the "Morning Star", devotional books, etc. There are over 100 sodahties in the diocese.

Madras Catholic Directory, 1910; Mgr Alexis Canoz (Paris, 1891) ; Stbickland and Marshall, Catholic Missions in Southern India (London, 186.5) ; Whitehead, India: a Sketch of the Madura Mission; BERTRAyo, Lettres Hifiantes et curieuses de la nouvdlc mission du Madnre (Paris. 1865); Guches. Cinquante Ans nu Madure-rccils et souimirs (Trichy, 1887); Suad, L'Inde Tamoulc

(P""')- Ernest R. Hull.

Trichur, Vicariate .\postolic of (Trichuren- sis), in India, one of the three vicariates of the Syro-Malabar Rite, bounded on the north by the diocese of Mangalore, east by the diocese of Coim- bature, south by the \icariate of Ernaculam, and on the west by the Indian Ocean. According to the census of 1900 the Catholics of the S\Tian Rite in the vicariate numbered 91.998, having 63 churches and 23 chapels .served by 6(> nat ive secular priests. There are also three mon.isteries of Tertiary Carmelite monks at Elthumth, .\mpalacad, and Paratti, containing about 20 professed and 11 lay brothers, besides a number of novices; also four convents for

Carmelite nuns with 31 professed besides novices, postulants, and lay sisters. There are in the vica- riate 2 high schools, 2 lower secondary schools, and 184 elementary schools, the number of children under training being 19,093. A seminary at Trichur pre- pares candidates for Puthenpally or Kandy. The vicar Apostolic (John Menacherry, appointed 1896) resides at Trichur. For the ancient history of the Christians of the SjTo-Malabar Rite see Thomas, Christi.\ns. They remained under the juris- diction partly of Verapoly, partly of Cranganore, till 1887, when on the establishment of the hierarchy, the churches of the Syrian Rite were separated from those of the Latin Rite and placed under two vicars Apostolic with their centres at Trichur and Kot- tayam respectively. Later on, in 1896, a new divi- sion was made and thi-ee vicariates established, viz. of Trichur, Ernaculam, and Changanacherry. These three vicariates cover the same ground as the Archdiocese of Verapoly, the Archbishop of Verapoly exercising territorial jurisdiction over all Christians of the Latin Rite, while the vicars Apostolic hold personal and quasi-territorial jurisdiction over all of the SjTian Rite. The vicariates are nominally classed as belonging to the province of Verapoly, but without the usual ecclesiastical connection.

(See Changanacherry, Vicari.\te Apostolic op; Verapoly, Archdiocese of; DamXo, Dioce.se of; Eastern Churches; Thom.\s Christians.)

Madras Catholic Directory, 1910.

Ernest R. Hull.

Tricomia, titular see, suffragan of Caesarea in PalffstiiKi, Prima. It is mentioned in George of Cyprus (Descriptio orbis romani, ed. Gelzer, 1024) and, according to the other cities preceding or follow- ing its name, would seem to have been situated in southern Palestine. Malalas (Chronographia, V, in P. G., XCVII, 236) relates an ancient legend regard- ing Tricomia, which he calls Nyssa and confounds with Scythopolis. According to his account it was the site of a famous temple of Artemis. It was never a Greek see, and Le Quien (Oriens Christ., Ill, 677) is at fault in his complaint f)f being unable to find any bishops. The Roman Curia, taking the "Descriptio orbis romani" of George of Cyprus, a civil document, for a "Notitia episcopatuum", has made Tricomia a titular see. It is now a Mussulman village called Terkoumieh on a high hill between Hebron and Bet-Djibrin. It must not be confused with another Tricomia in Arabia which was the camping place of the equites promoti Ilb/riciani.

S. Vailh6.

Triduum (three days), a time frequently chosen for prayer or for other devout practices, whether by in- dividuals in private, or in public by congregations or special organizations in parishes, in religious commu- nities, seminaries, or schools. The form of prayer or devotion depends upon the occasion or purpose of the triduum. The three days usually precede some feast, and the feast then determines the choice of the pious exercises. In liturgical usage there is a triduum of ceremonies and prayers in Holy Week; the Rogation Days (q. v.); the three days of litanies prior to the feast of the Ascension, and the feasts of Easter and Pentecost, with the first two days of their octaves. There is ecclesiastical authorization for a triduum in honour of the Holy Trinity, of the Holy Eucharist, and of St. Joseph. The first of these, instituted by Pius IX, 8 August, 1847, may be made at any time of the year in public or private, and partial or plenary indulgences are attached to it on the usual condi- tions. The second, also indulgenced, was instituted by Pius X, 10 April, 1907, for the purpo.se of promot- ing frequent Communion. The time for it is Friday, Saturday, and Sunday after the feast of Corpus Christi, though the bishops may designate any other