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 TRICARICO

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TRICHINOPOLY

unit gradually waned, and at length the tribal names came to be little more than geographical expressions. On the other hand, veneration for the ancient tribes as social organizations with their religious and family traditions seems to have increased as time went on, and not only after the exile but also in the New Testa- ment times we find much care displayed in recording the particular tribe or even family to which various persons are said to belong. The descendants of kings and other noted Old-Tesl anient personages could, of course, name their tribe, but in the case of more obscure individuals it is likely that the tribal indica- tion is inferred from the fact of family residence in a particular district of Palestine.

GiGOT, Outlines of Jewish History (New York, 1903), c. xiii and passim; Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia (London, 1885).

James F. Driscoll.

Tricarico, Diocese of (Tbicaricensis), in the Province of Potenza in the Basilicata (Southern Italy), near the River Perrola. In 1694 it was almost destroyed by earthquake. The cathedral was erected in 968 by Polyeuctos, Patriarch of Constantinople. The names of the bishops, then of the Greek Rite, are not known. Of the Latin bishops after the Norman conquest the first wa,s Arnoldo (1068) ; others were: the theologians Palmerio di Gallusio(r2.53)and Fra Nicolo; Cardinal Pier Luigi Caraffa (1624), who restored the cathedral and founded the seminary. From 180.5 to 1819 the see remained vacant. The diocese is suffragan of the metropolitan See of Acerenza and Matera; it has 25 parishes, 80,540 souls, 180 secular and regular clergy, one educational institution for boys and one for girls.

C.1.PPELLETTI, Le Chiese d' Italia, XX, 481.

U. Benigni.

Tricassin, Charle.'; Jo.seph, one of the greatest theologians of the Capuchin Order, b. at Troyes; d. in 1681. There is but Uttle positive information about his hfe. By continued study he acquired a profound knowledge of the writings of Augustine, and explained and defended with success his doctrine of grace against the Jansenists. Tricassin's writings were violently attacked; they treat exhaustively both the Augustinian doctrine of grace and that of St. Bonaven- ture. They comprise in the main: "De prsedestina- tione hominum ad gloriam" (Paris, 1669 and 1673), to which was added ".Supplementum August inianum" (1673), the work being intended to prove predestina- tion for foreknown merits; " De indifferenti lapsi hom- inis arbitrio sub gratia et concupiscent ia" (Paris, 1673), a thorough explanation of many Augustinian tenets; "De necessaria ad salutem gratia omnibus et singulis data" (Paris, 1673), proof of the sufficient grace for every individual, with special emphasis upon difficult passages in Augustine's writings on which a full understanding of his doctrine depends; "De natura peccati originalis" (Paris, 1677); "De causa bonorum operum" (Paris, 1679), a proof of the virtue of t he hope of eternal hfe and of the fear of hell; a "Supplementum" (Paris, 1679) shows that attrition in connexion with the Sacrament of Penance is .sufficient according to Augustine and the Council of Trent. Tricassin also pubhshed a commentary to several of Augustine's works to prove that Augustine calls the Pelagians heretical teachers, because they do not concede any necessity of grace for the will. Tricassin pubhshed at Paris in 1678 a French trans- lation with explanations and apphcations of Augus- tine's books, "De gratia et lihero arbitrio", "De correptione et gratia", and .also a treatise to prove that the Cartesian ])hiiosoi)hy was contrary to faith. The importance of (he author and his writings is best shown by the fact t hat the Jansenists bought up his books and burned them because they could not answer them.

Bernardus a Bononia, Bibliotheca Scriptorum Capucin (revised and enlarged, Venice, 1747), 60-61; Hurter, Nomen- clalor, IV (Innsbruck, 1910), 448-50.

Father Odorick.

Tricca, titular see, suffragan of Larissa in Thessaly. It was an ancient city of Thessaly, near the River Peneius and on the River Lethieus which devas- tated it in 1907. It is mentioned in Homer (Iliad, II, 729; IV, 202) as the Kingdom of Machaon and Poda- leirius, sons of ^Esculapius and physicians of the Greek army. It possessed the oldest known temple of iEsculapius, which was discovered in 1902, with a hospital for pilgrims. Tricca is mentioned by other writers, but not in connexion with important events. It was a suffragan of Larissa at an early date and remained so until 1882 when this portion of Thessaly was annexed to the Kingdom of Greece. Since then the see, which bears the names of Triccala and Stagoi, is dependent on the Holy Synod of Athens. Socrates (V, 22), Sozomenes (V, 12), and Nicephorus Callistus (XII, 34) say that Heliodorus, probably the same as the author of the romance of the Ethio- pian women or of Theagenes and Charicles (third century), became Bishop of Tricca. Another bishop, to whom have been wrongly attributed commentaries on the Acts of the Apostles, the Epistle of St. Paul, and the Catholic Epistles (for the works published in his name are not his), lived at the end of the sixth century. He was an Origenist and Monophysite who wrote a commentary on the Apocalypse (PctrideS, "(Ecumenius de Tricca, ses oeuvres et son culte in "Echos d'Orient", VI, 307-10; Le Quien, "Oriens Christ.", I, 117-20). Some Latin titular bishops in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are also known (Eubel, "Hierarchia catholica medii a;vi," II, 280; III, 338). Tricca, now Triccala, is the capital of the nome of the same name and has 28,000 inhabitants: Greeks, Turks, and Jews.

S. Vailh^.

Trichinopoly, Diocese of (Trichinopolitan.), in India, suffragan of Bombay, comprises the south- east portion of the peninsula as far as the Western Ghauts, by which it is separated from the dioceses of Verapoly and Quilon; bounded on the north by the Dioceses of Kumbakonam and Coimbatore, on the north-east by a portion of the Diocese of Saint Thomas of Mylapuri on the east and south by the sea. In order to facilitate administration the diocese is di\dded into three districts, northern, central, and southern, each under a superior having his residence at Trichin- opoly, Madura, and Palamcottah respectively; and these districts are again subdivided into pangus or sections, of which there are in all fifty-two. The Catholic population, according to the census of 1907, is 245,255, who are served by 60 priests of the Tou- louse province of the Society of Jesus (41 European and 19 native) and 19 native secular priests, helped by 156 catechists. Besides these, 53 other priests, European and native, are engaged chiefly in educa- tional work at Trichinopoly, Shembaganur, Palam- cottah, etc. A novitiate, juniorate, and scholasticate of the Society is established at Shembaganur. There is a congregation of Brothers of the Sacred Heart (native lay brothers) engaged in catechetical work and teaching at Palamcottah, Madm-a, Panchampetti, and Trichinopoly, and also the following orders of nuns: Daughters of the Cross of Annccy at Trichin- opoly and Tuticorin; Sisters of St. Joseph of Lyons at Sladura; native nuns of Ouv Lady of Seven Dolours and native nuns of St. Anna, both with their novitiate at Trichinopoly; finally the Oblates — native women devoted to the bai)tistn of pagan chil- dren and the instruction of village girls. The places of worshi]! in the diocese amount to 282 churches and 811 chapels. There are also fiftc-en churches and some chapels scattered over the diocese which (by exemp-