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to purchase their pardon for a large sum. At length Warham awoke to the gravity of the position, and on 24 Feb., 1532, he formally protested against all Acts of Parliament derogatory to the pope's authority or the prerogatives of Canterbury. The king incited the parliament to harass the archbishop with a petition for redress of grievances against his courts. With a flash of his old sjjirit and abihty he retiirned an able answer, but this did not satisfy either king or parliament, and on 15 May the "submission of the clergy" was WTung from them. Three months later \\'arham died, leaving his books to be divided between Winchester, and All Souls and New Colleges at O.xford. He had nothing else to leave, owing to his extreme munificence in supporting public charities, in exercis- ing hospitality and in assisting scholars, such as Erasmus. His o-rni private life was simple and austere, so that he died "without money and without debts". His portrait by Holbein is at Lambeth, the original drawing for it being preserved in the king's collection at Windsor.

PoLYDORE Vergil. Anolica Historia (Basle, 1555). Memorials of Henry VII, ed. Gaibdnek in R. S. (London. 1S5S) ; Letters and Papers of Richard III and Henry VII, ed. G.\ibdner in R. S. (London. 1861-3); Slate Papers of Henry F///(London, 1831-52); C.\mpbell, Materials for a history of the reign of Henry VII in R. S. (London, 1873-7): Hook, Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury (London, 1860-84); Campbell, Lites of the Lord Chancellors (London. 1845-69); Foss, The Judges of England (London, 1848-64); Bbewer, Reign of Henry VIII to death of Wolsey (London, 1884); Lingard, History of England; Gairdneb in Diet. Xai. Biog,, s. v.

Edwin Bukton. Wartnia. See Erml.\nd.

Warnefridi. See P.-vulcs Diaconus.

Warsaw, Archdiocese op (Vars.wtexsis). — Warsaw (Pohsh,Warszawai,onthe western bank of the Vistula, is the capital of the Kingdom of Poland. The city, including the suburb of Praga on t he east side of the Vistula, consists of the Old City {Stare MiaMo), the New City {Noive Miaslo) and the westerly subiu-bs of Wola and Mokot6w. It is the see of the CathoUc archbishop and also of the Russian Orthodox Arch- bishop of Khohn and Warsaw. The Catholic arch- bishop is the primate of the Kingdom of Poland and is entitled to wear the red robes of a cardinal save the calotte and biretta, but he may not now call himself metropohtan, the Russian authorities allowing only "Archiepiscopus Ecclesia" Metropolitans! Varsovien- sis". The city has fine handsome streets and is the chief industrial centre of western Russia and Poland. In the central part of the city is the royal palace, now the official residence of the Russian governor-general, and also the magnificent avenues of Krakowskie Przedmie^cie, Nowy Swiat, and Aleja Ujazdowska, which compare with those of any European cities, the new Orthodox Cathedral of St. Alexander Nevsky, and the fine park known as the Saxe Gardens, while to the north in the Old City is the historic Catholic Cathedral of St. John and the fro^-ning Alexander Citadel. The Jewish quarter lies to the north and west of the Saxe Gardens, commencing near the Zelazna Brama (Iron Gate), while to the south is the Lazienki Park with its chSteau, formerly the royal summer palace. Two iron bridges span the Vistula to Praga, which is the actual railway terminus of Warsaw for trains from St. Petersburg, Moscow, and southern Rus.sia. Many of the finest collections of books, manuscripts, and art treasures made by the kings of Poland and noble families in the university and palaces of Warsaw have been confiscated by the Russian Government and removed to St. Peter.sburg. The most ancient documents which mention the city of Warsaw date from the end of the twelfth century; but the city probably existed earlier, perhaps in the eleventh centurj-. It developed greatly during the reign of Trojden, who in the fourteenth century sur- rounded it with walls. In 1431 it began to be embel-

hshed with houses and palaces, and became the resi- dence of the Dukes of Masovia. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries it acquired great impor- tance as the meeting-place of the Polish diets. In 1550 King Sigismund August chose it as a residence, and from the time of Sigismund III it was the capital. In 1S15 it likewise became the capital of the PoUsh realm incorjjorated with Russia and began a rapid commercial development. Its population has in- creased from 75,000 at the beginning of the nine- teenth century to 781,179 in 1910, of whom more than 265,000 are Hebrews and about 30,000 Russians and 25,000 Germans. The citj' nevertheless preserves its Catholic and Polish character, and is the most impor- tant centre of Polish literature. The Diocese, or Archdiocese, of Warsaw is of comparatively recent origin, though Christianity has flourished there from the foundation of the city, ancient documents attest- ing the existence of a church of St. George at ^^'a^saw in 1195. Before the erection of its episcopal see, it formed part of the archdiaconate of Czersk which was a portion of the Diocese of Posen as early as the twelfth century. In 1406 Adalbert Sastrzenbiec, Bishop of Posen, authorized the institution of a col- legiate church at Warsaw and transferred the arch- deacon of Czersk there. In the sixteenth century the canons of Warsaw became a very important body, in which many nobles were included. In the seven- teenth century the bishops of Posen began to combine the title of the Diocese of Posen with that of Warsaw. The Archdiaconate of Warsaw lasted until 179S as an appendage of the Diocese of Posen — an extremely large one, including as it did the whole district of Czersk with part of those of Warsaw, Blonie, Rabsk, Sochaczew, etc., numbering 144 churches at the end of the eighteenth century, exclusive of those belonging to religious orders.

In 1793 Stanislaus Poniatowski, the last King of Poland, conceived the idea of setting up an episcopal see at Warsaw, but the pohtical vicissitudes of the kingdom prevented the execution of this project. Frederick WiUiam II of Prussia, having obtained possession of Warsaw in 1797, nominated Joseph Boncza Miaskowski the rector of the cathedral of Posen as its bishop. By a Bull dated at Florence, October, 1798, Pius VI sanctioned the canonical erection of the Diocese of Warsaw, separating it from the jurisdiction of Posen. The new diocese com- prised w^thin its limits the territory of the old arch- diaconate — the Deaneries of Garwolin, Liw, and Laszcz6w. Its first bishop, Mgr. Miakowski, died in 1804, when its government was entrusted to Ignatius Raczynski, Archbishop of Gnesen, who, in 1808, appointed Gregory' Zacharjaszewicz, titular Bishop of Corfu, his vicar-general. The city was divided into four parishes. At his death (1S14) the diocese was adnunistered by Francis Zambrz}'cki, titular Bishop of Dardania. As a result of the con- cordat between Pius VII and Alexander I, and the Bull "Militantis ecclesiae" of 11 March, 1817,the Diocese of Warsaw was made an archdiocese. On 2 October, 1818, Francis Skarbek Malczewski was preconized first archbi.shop, and by the Bull "Ex imposita nobis", 30 June, 1818, was appointed Apos- tohc Legate for the Kingdom of Poland. The diocese then comprised 19 deaneries, 278 parish churches, 432,929 .souls, and a large number of convents. On the death of Malczewski, 18 April, 1819, Stephen de Holowczyce Holowczyc. a ^Miite Russian, was appointed archbishop" 17 December, 1819. On his death, 27 August, 1823, he was succeeded bv Albert Leszczic Skarszewski (1824-27) and John Paul Pawenza Woronicz (1828-29). These first four arch- bishops bore the title of Primate of Poland. Stanis- laus Kostka Lubicz Choromaliski (1837-38) was the fir.st to take the title of Metropolitan of Warsaw. Under the disturbed conditions of Poland between