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WARHAM

ill-conceived fray. I, for one, shall not lift a hand to harm these ladies."

In 1852 Mother Warde opened houses in Hartford and New Haven to which free schools were attached; later on academies were opened and the works of mercy inaugurated. In 18.54 Mrs. Goodloe Harper, daughter of Charles Carroll of CarroUton, donated to the congregation a house and some ground at Newport, R. I., for a convent and schools. Her daughter. Miss Emily Harper, was also a generous benefactor. In 1857 free and select schools were opened at Rochester, and later at Buffalo, by desire of I3isliop Timon. On 16 July, 1858, Mother Warde and a band of mission- aries left Providence for Manchester, by invitation of Bishop Bacon of Portland, and there estabUshed night schools for factory children. St. Mary's Academy was opened the same year. In 1861, at the request of Bishop Wood, Mother Warde opened a convent at Philadelphia, where free schools and the works of mercy were instituted. In 1864 a founda- tion was sent to Omaha; in 1865 a branch house and schools were opened at Bangor, Maine; in 1871 a colony of sisters was sent to Yreka, Cahfornia, and North Whitefield Mission, Maine, was undertaken by Mother Warde, who likewise sent foundations to Jersey City, Bordentown, and Princeton, N. J. In 1857 Bishop Bacon requested her to open an orphan- age in Portland, but a disastrous fire delayed the work until 1872, when the Burlington foundation had been begun. The Kavanagh School was given to the sisters by Miss W'inifred Kavanagh; an academy was also opened at Portland. On the feast of the Exalta- tion of the Holy Cross, 1878, Mother Warde sent the sisters to labour among the Indians of Maine at Old Town, Pleasant Point, and Dana's Point. The Government builds the school houses and pays the Bisters salaries for teaching the Indian children. Mother Warde's last works were the opening of an Old Ladies' Home and a Young Ladies' Academy at Deering, Maine. At the time of her golden jubilee in 1883 Mother Warde was the oldest Sister of Mercy living. Her saUent characteristics were great purity of heart, earnestness of purpose, sincerity, and large- mindedness. She was exceedingly reserved, but sympa- thizing and compassionate towards others. Endowed with rare common-sense, she was an optimist in all things. In appearance she was of medium height, erect, and of commanding jiresence; her forehead was high, and her blue eyes deeply set.

Lift of Mother M. Xavier Warde (Manchester): Annals of Sit- ters of Mercy, III-IV.

Maky Stanislas Austin.

WaJham, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, b. at Church Oakley, Hampshire, about 1450; died at Hackington, near Canterbury, 22 Aug., 1532. He was educated at Winchester School and New College, Oxford, of which he became a fellow in 1475. Having taken his doctorate of laws he left Oxford in 1488, to become an advocate in the ecclesiastical courts in London, but two years later he returned to Oxford as principal of the school of civil law. His ability caused him to be employed on several foreign emba.ssies, and his success obtained for him much ecclesiastical preferment. He became precentor of Wells (1403), rector of Barley (1495), archdeacon of Huntingdon (1497), and rector of Cottenliam (1.500). On 13 Feb., 1494, he had been appointed to the important legal office of Master of tlie Rolls. While absent on one of his frequent missions abroad he was elected Bishop of London (October, 1501), but was not consecrated till 25 Sept., 1.502. In the interval he had resigned the office of Master of the Rolls, and had been ap- pointed to the more important jiost of Keeper of the Great Seal. So great was his reputation for learning and ability that fresh honours followed rapidly. On 29 Nov., 1.503, Pope Julius II nominated him as ;\rch- bishop of Canterbury, and on 21 Jan., 1504, the king

made him Lord Chancellor of England. He received the pallium at Lambeth on Candlemas Day and was enthroned at Canterbury on 9 March. He took a leading part in aU important national business, and his powers as an orator were in much demand on great occasions of state. His university of Oxford chose him as Chancellor in 1506.

In 1509 he crowned Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon, and under the new king he enjoyed the same confidence as un- der Henry VH till he was overshad- owed by the grow - ing influence of Wolsey. In 1512 he became m- volved in a con- troversy with his suffragans, w h o considered that he pushed the metio- pohtan preroga- tive too far, and the matter was finally settled by a compromise. \A'hen Wolsey was created cardinal in 1515Warham con- ferred the hat upon him in Westmin- ster Abbey, and thereafter he was forced into the sec- ond place. Before Christmas he re- signed the office of Lord Chancellor, as he had long wished to do, being out of sympathy with the king's anti-French pohcy, and \\'olsey received the Great Seal in his stead. Warham's power was still further diminished in 1518 when Wolsey was appointed papal legate, and from that time forward there were constant official differences between them, though their private relations continued friendly. \A'olsey as legate con- tinually interfered with the action of the archbishop as metropolitan of the southern province and not infrequently overruled his decisions. In state affairs, especially in the raising of subsidies, he supported Wolsey, though he incurred the contempt of the cardinal's enemies for doing so. When the divorce question was first raised in 1527 he was Wolsey's assessor in the secret inquiry into the validity of the king's marriage. About this time his health began to fail, and he was no longer equal to taking an effective part in the important affairs that ensued. Being selected as the chief of the counsel appointed to assist Queen Katherine he did nothing on her behalf, but when she appealed to him for advice, rephed that he would not meddle in such matters. He stead- fastly refused to oppose the king's wishes, and in the summer of 1.5.30 signed the petition to the pope beg- ging him to allow the divorce. This course he pur- sued under threats from the king that unless he was complaisant all ecclesiastical authority in England would be destroyed.

On Wolsey's fall the king wished the whole case to be submitted to Warham's decision, but the pope refused on the ground that his signature of the peti- tion made him an unfit judge. When the whole clerg>' of England were subjected to a pra?munire for having acknowledged Wolsey's legatine authority, the king seized the oiiportunity to force them to declare him head of the Church, Warham proposed an amendment recognizing him as "protector and supreme lord of the Church and so far as the law of Christ will allow suiireme head". This was carried in default of opposition and the clergj' were allowed