Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 15.djvu/608

 WANDELBERT

546

WAR

Hyde, Dudley Loftus, Abraham Weelocke, Thomas Greaves, and Samuel Clarke, but the editorship de- volved on himself. While the Polyglot was in the press, he pubhshed as an aid to the perusal thereof an "Introductio ad lectionem linguarum Orientalium" (London, 1655; Deventer, 1655, 1658).

This was a time when English theologians were much divided as to the extent of the Divine inspira- tion of the Scrip- tures, some going so far as to adopt t he narrow view that even the vowel-points and accents of the Massoretic text " must come under our consideration
 * is being such from

(!od " ( O wen, ■Works", XVI,
 * i03). John Owen

1 1 ad just prepared to that effect a tract on "The Divine Original Authority and self-e V i d e n c i n g Light and Purity of t he Scriptures ' ', when he was con- fronted by Wal- ton's "Prolegomena", in which a much more liberal view was held. He set out to refute it, and published to that purpose a new tract: "Of the Integrity and Purity of the Hebrew Text of the Scriptures, with Considerations of the Prolegomena and Appendix to the late BibUa Poly- glotta" (Oxford, 1659). Brian Walton, whose saner view of the subject was inspired by deeper scholarship and was endorsed by "the chief Protestant Divines, and greatest linguists that then were", was not long in repelhng Owen's Quixotic attack: to his opponent he addressed his "Considerator considered; or a brief View of certain Considerations upon the Bibha Poly- glotta, the Prolegomena and the Appendix" (London, 1659), which should at once have ended the con- troversy, were the weight of the arguments the only factor in ending controversies. But, consoling him- self with the thought that his work could not be expected to share better than Origen's Hexapla, S. Jerome's Vulgate, the Complutensian Polyglot, Erasmus's Greek 'Testament, and the Antwerp and Paris Polyglots, all of which had met with opposition, he abandoned the controversy, leaving it to time to vindicate him. The dawn of the day of vindication was not long delayed, for at the Restoration he was made chaplain to the king, and soon after (2 Dec, 1660) consecrated Bishop of Chester in Westminster Abbey.

Bhiggs, General Introduction to the Study of Holy Scripture (Edinhurgh, 1899), 222-25; Todd. Memoirs of the Life andWritings of Bruin Walton (London, 1821) ; Elues du Pin, Table universdle de$ auteurs h^rSliques du xvi' et du xvii^ sihcles, IV (Paris, 1704) ; Feller, Diotionnaire historique, XVIII (Paria, 1829); Reusch, Der Index der verbolenen Bilcher, II (Bonn, 1885). 124, 125.

Charles L. Sodvay.

Wandelbert, Benedictine monk and theological writer, b. in 813; d. at Priim after 850. Little is known of his personal history. He was apparently a nat ive of France, and in 839 he was already a monk at Priim. About this date Abbot Markward com- missioned him to rewrite the old life of St. Goar and to supplement it by an account of the miracles worked by the saint. The life Wandelbert wTote is not without historical value. He conii)osed his second work, a mart yrology in verse that was finislied about 848, at the request of Otrich, a priest of Cologne, and

with the aid of his friend Florus of Lyons. The martyrology is based on earher ones, particularly that of the Venerable Bede. The arrangement follows the calendar, and a brief account is given for each day of the life and death of one or more saints. Together with the martyrology are poems on the months and their signs, on the various kinds of agricultural labour, the seasons for hunting, fisliing, cultivation of fruit, of the fields, and of vineyards, and the church Hours. The poetry is, in general, uniform and monot- } onous; the most graceful jjassages are various descrip- tions of nature. Wandelbert also wTote a (lost) work on the Mass.

P. L., CXXI, 575-674; Histoire Litteraire de In France, V (Paris, 1740), 377-83; Manitiub, Gesch. der lateinischen Lileratur dea Mittelallers, I (Munich, 1911), 557-60.

Klemens Loffler.

Wandering Jew. See Legends, Literary or Profane; Society of Jesus. — Apologetic.

Wangnereck (Wagnereck), Heinrich, theo- logian, preacher, author, b. at Munich in July, 1595; d. at Dilhngen, 11 November, 1664. The extant sketches of his life give no uniform information re- specting the dates of events; it is, however, unani- mously stated that when sixteen years old he entered the novitiate of the upper German province of the Society of Jesus, at Landsberg, took the usual course of instruction, and in addition was for a time teacher of the lowest class at the gj-mnasium. His chief occupation was that of a professor of philosophy and theologv' at , the University of Dillingen, where he was chancellor, according to one statement, for twenty-four years. In addition to teaching, he was also a noted preacher. In 1655 he was sent to Lindau as superior and mis- sioner, but after five years returned to DiUingen where he was chancellor until his death, which fol- lowed a sudden stroke of apoplexy at table. It is said that his reputation for learning and ability was so widespread that many secular and spiritual princes, bishops, and prelates of Germany asked his advice in the most important matters. His works, of which twenty are known, are chiefly on theological subjects. He also took part in the political controversies of the period, but not always to the satisfaction of authority, as there is record of a punishment infUcted upon him by the general of the Society because he had spoken disrespectfully of the Duke of Bavaria. His first small work, " Not» in confessiones S. Augustini", published in 1630, has retained its popularity up to the present time; in 1907 a fourth edition of it appeared.

SoMMERVOGEL, Bibl. de la Comp. de Jrs'is, 979-86; Tholen, Mcnologium oder Lebensbilder ^i ' " ' ^^- der deutschen Ordensprovinz (Roermond, 190! i\ate circulation.

A brief sketch of Wangnereck'- 1 he fourth edition

of his first treatise on the "C'mii .^r. Augustine, pp.

xv-xvi; see also Stein'Berger. 1'k j, suirn joi-i die Friedenfrage in der Zeit vom Prager Frieden bis zum \urnberger FriedensexC' kuiionshauptrezess. 1633-1600 in Studien und DarsteUungen aus dem Gebiete der Geschichte, ed. GR.lfERT. V (1906), 2, 3, which gives a sketch of Wangnereck's political activity.

N. SCHEID.

War, in its juridical sense, a contention carried on by force of arms between sovereign states, or com- munities having in this regard the right of states. The term is often used for civil .strife, sedition, rebel- Uon properly so called, or even for the undertaking of a State to put down by force organized bodies of out- laws, and in fact there is no other proper word for the struggle as such; but as these are not juridically in the same class with contentions of force between sover- eign states, the jurist may not so use the term. How- ever, a people in revolution, in the rare instance of an effort to re-establish civil government which has practically vanished from th(> community except in name, or to vitahze constitutional rights reserved specifically or residuarily to the people, is conceded to bo in like juridical case with a State, as far as protectr