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 WALLACHIA

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WALLENSTEIN

as a broadsheet the public account of his execution containing "a true copy of the speech . . . with animadversions upon the same". In 1879 a rood was erected in his memory in the churchyard at Harving- ton, whose hall was the usual home of the martyr.

FoLET. Records S. J., V, VI (Diary of English College); Chal- LONER, Memoirs of the Missionary Priests; Thaddeus, Francis- cans in England; Mrs. Hope, Franciscan Martyrs in England; Humphreys, The Cath. Persecution in Worcestershire (privately printed) ; His Last Speech (Oscott MSS.) ; A true copy of the Speech, etc. (Oscott Archives).

J. L. Whitfield. Wallachia. See Rumania.

Walla- Walla Indians, a Shahaptian tribe dwell- ing on the Walla- Walla (i. e. rushing water) River and the Columbia in Washington and Oregon, from Snake River to the Umatilla. Their language is akin to that of the Nez Perces but forms a distinct dialect. By the treaty of 1855 they were placed on the Uma- tiUa reservation in Oregon, where they still remain. They number only 461, and are mixed with Nez Percys and Cayuse. Their family organization was loose, and the clan system not observed. The scan- tiness of their food supply, necessitating frequent migrations, prevented any continued development of the village system. Their food consisted mainly of roots, berries, and salmon. At present most of the tribe are farmers and stock breeders. The Walla- Walla were visited by Lewis and Clarke in 1804, and were evangelized by the Jesuit pioneers of the North- west about forty years later.

Farrand in Handbook of American Indians, II (Washington, 1910).

A. A. MacEblean.

Wallenstein (Waldstein), Albrecht von, b. at Hermanie, Bohemia, 24 Sept., 1.583; d. at Eger, Bohemia, 24 Feb., I(i34. He belonged to a Czech noble family of Bohemia who were mem- bers of the Bohe- mian Brethren. He studied at the Lutheran univer- sity at Altdorf, travelled in France and Italy, became a Catho- Uc apparently at the .Jesuit college at Ohniitz, and married an el- derly widow, whose large for- tune he inherited in 1614. He had a strong hking for military life. In 1017 he aided Ferdinand of Stj-ria, who be- came emperor in 1610, against Venice, and in 1618 agamst the revolting Bohemians. In 1621 ho received for the first time an independent command and fought against t.lie jirince of Transylvania, Bcthlen Gabor, who had invaded Moravia. In re- turn for large advances of money to Ferdinand he received after the battle of the White Mountain so many of the confiscated estates of the Bohemian insurgents that his possessions in northern Bohemia formed the territory of Frirdland, which Ferdinand in 1624 raised to u principahty. His relations with the .Jesuits were most friendly. Determined to become the champion of the Haosburgs and of the Church in the cmi)ire, he offercil to raise an army of 20,000 men, upon which Ferdinand appointed him, 7 April, 1625," Captain over all t he imperial forces in the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands",

and in June raised him to the rank of a duke. Wal- lenstein was very successful in collecting his army and late in the autumn appeared at the scene of war in the circle of Lower Saxony. He occupied at once the Dioceses of Magdeburg and Halberstadt, the richest and most important territories strategically, and secretly sought to secure the election of a son of the emperor as their future bishop. On 25 April, 1626, he was attacked at the bridge of Dessau over the Elbe by the enemy he most feared, Ernst von Mans- feld. Mansfeld, completely defeated but not pur- sued, gathered new troops and marched through Silesia to join forces with the prince of Transyl- vania. Fear of losing the territories on the Elbe kept Wallenstein from action for a long time, and when he finally attacked Mansfeld he was unsuccess- ful and lost large numbers of his men. He was able, though, to justify himseh' before the emperor in November, 1626, by proving that a much larger armj' was necessarj'. In 1627, therefore, he raised an army which finally numbered almost 150,000 men, which he supported by assigning definite territories of the empire to its diff'erent divisions, including those both of Catholic princes and of Protestant rulers who were friendly to the emperor. There was but Uttle discipline and the greed of the generals and colonels was great. In a short time consequently angry accusations were made against Wallenstein.

In the mean time during 1627 he drove Mansfeld's troops out of Silesia, tmited with Tilly for a campaign against Holstein, in which he advanced as far as Jutland and also occupied Mecklenburg. In Janu- ary, 1628, the emperor granted him the Duchy of Mecklenburg in fief for life and in June, 1629, as a hereditary possession. Thus he became one of the most promment princes of the empire. The other princes holding this rank hated him, fearing that he would overthrow their freedom and subject them once more to the supremacy of the emperor. He had now reached the highest point of his successes. He made the vain boast that in three years he would conquer Constantinople, and sought unsuccessfully to form an alliance between the emperor and GustavusAdolphus; he also endeavoured to persuade the Hanseatic towns to form a union with the empire. He even planned a canal uniting the German Ocean and the Baltic Sea. But he was unable to collect a fleet, or to occupy and close the whole of the German coast along the Baltic. He failed in the siege of Stralsund in the summer of 1628, and to take GlUekstadt, with- out which his position in Holstein was insecure. He accused others for his lack of success, and objected in particular to the Edict of Restitution of March, 1629, and the war carried on by the Habsburgs in Upper Italy to maintain their power over Mantua. At his insistence the emperor now made a treaty of peace with Denmark (4 June, 1629), by which the Danes received back all the territory taken from them, but rejected Wallenstein's proposal of an alliance with the emperor, promising, however, not to interfere with the execution of the Edict of Restitu- tion in northern (^lermany.

Wallenstein had always been opposed to giving imperial aid to the Spaniards in their war against the Netherlands, but when he himself deemed it necessary to send troops the aid came too late. The same fate attended the despatch of troops to Poland against Gustavus Adolphus. Wallenstein felt the ground shaking under his feet, and sought at least to secure in northern Germany the most important point of pa.ssage over the Elbe, the city of Magdeburg, by blockading it, before the Swedes entered the empire. .\t the same time he exerted him.self to come to an agreement with the head of the princes of the empire, Maximilian of Bavaria, but was not able to carry out these plans. In June, 1630, he wept to southern Germany in order to advance,