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 WALES

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WALES

ogy. On account of the religious turmoil in Holland they went to Germany, U\'ing at the Court of the Duke of Pfalz-Neuburg at Dusseldorf till 1646, when they went to Cologne. There in 1647 Adrian was made a cathedral canon. In 1661 the Archbishop and Elec- tor of Cologne, Maximihan Heinrich of Bavaria, appointed Adrian Auxiharj' Bishop and Vicar-General

retained. Wales is in French Pays de Galles, from Latin Gallia, Low Latin Wallia. In the Middle Ages the Welsh coined in their own tongue a name of similar origin for their country, when, in poetry only, they termed it Gwalia. The Welsh language, however, has no cognate word for the people them- selves; they have, ever since the days of the Saxon

of Cologne and consecrated him titular Bishop of Heptarchy, styled themselves b}' no other title than

Adrianople on 30 Nov., 1661. The younger brother, Peter, became a canon of the collegiate Churches of St. Peter and St. Victor at Mainz; in 16.58 he was made titular Bishop of Mysia and au.xiliary bishop to the Archbishop and Elector Johann Philip von Schon- bom. The last years of his stay at Mainz coincide with the first years of Leibniz's residence at the Court of Mainz. Peter aided Leibniz in his theological studies in connexion with his scheme of ecclesiastical reunion. After Adrian's death Peter was appointed in 1669 Auxiliaiy Bishop of Cologne. The brothers were noted for their theological learning; they were also volumi- nous ^Titers in theological contro- versy with Protestants. Peter was the chief author of their joint works. They also engaged in literary controversy with many learned Protestant theologians. - Coccejus, Crocius, Hulsem:iii Dannhauer, and Drehncou. Their works are distinguished liy clear and thorough reasoning, and a moderate charitable tone. The most noted of the conversions effected by the brothers is that of the Landgrave Ernst of Hesse- Rheinfels, at Cologne in 1652. Their collected works were issued in two volumes folio (Cologne, 1669-71). The first volume con- tains mainly the exposition of principles, partly in treatises which lay the funda- mental basis, partly in further discussions with Protes- tant opponents. The last treatise is a satire on Ohver Cromwell as the protector of Protestantism. The second volume "Tractatus speciales de controversiis

Cymry. The etymology of this word has been a much debated question, but in the opinion of Sir John RhyK (a prime authority) it is compounded of the British con bro and means "compatriots" — the federated tribes of ancient Britain who together contested the soil of their native land with the Germanic invader. In Welsh Cymru means Wales, Cymm a Welshman, Cymraes a Welshwoman, and Cymry Welshmen.

Ethnology. — The early Welsh were an association of tribes united in a common cause against a common foe; and whilst they were designated by that foe "the aUens", they called them- selves "the federated patriots". In the main the Welsh were Britons. The reason why they did not continue to style them- .selves Britons was that they were not wholly British, nor even wholly Celtic. Some of their iribes were Celts of the Bry- tlionic, or British, stock, others belonged to the earlier Goidehc, or Gaelic, division of the Celtic race, whom the Britons, a later Celtic immigration, had subdued and partially absorbed. The Goidels, moreover, were in great part made up of yet older, non- Aryan, peoples whom they and their predecessors had succes- sively conquered. The Welsh, therefore, racially represent an unknown series of the earliest settlers in Britain; they arc not merely Ancient Britons, but the heirs of aD the aborigines of the island, from the cave-men downwards. Though the Cymry knew

enough of their racial history to call themselves fidei" (Cologne, 1671) contains seventeen treatises on a federation, they cared nothing about the origins of

their Teutonic foes. The invaders came from various countries of northern Europe, and it was the Angles or English who eventually gave their name to the new nation. It was, however, the West Saxons who formed the advance guard of the Germanic invasion, and Saeson (sing. Sais) was the term appUed by the Welsh to the unwelcome visitors.

Definition. — When we come to define the precise bounds and limits of Wales, we at once face a difficulty which has hardly yet been satisfactorily met by geog-

special subjects.

FopPENS. Bibl. betgica, II (Brussels, 1739), 1018-9, with por- traits; Hartzheim. Bibl. coloniensis (Cologne. 1747), 8-9, 285-86; R.iss, Die ConverliUn seit der Reformation, VII (Freiburg, 1868), 397-443, on pp. 405-43 is given the first paragraph of the reasons of Landgrave Ernst of He.^se for returning to the Church: Hurter, Nomenclalor lilemrius, IV (3d ed.. Innsbruck. 1910), 79-S2; Werner, Gesch. der apolog. und polem. Literatur, IV (SchafE- hausen, 1865), 586-7.

Fhiedrich Laucheht. Wales is that western portion of Great Britain

which lies between the Irish Sea and the River Dee raphers. The most perplexing disagreement prevails

on the north, the counties (or portions of the counties) among ■oTiters as to what exactly Wales is; and the

of Chester, Salop, Hereford, and Gloucester on the question is variously answered, according to the

east, the estuary of the Severn on the south-east, the views of each individual on points of nationality —

Bristol Channel on the south, and Saint George's views usually influenced by his racial and political

Channel on the west. prejudices. One opinion is that Wales consists of

Name. — The name Wales has been given to this twelve particular counties, and that its eastern boun-

country not by its own inhabitants but by the Teu- tonic occupiers of England, and means "the territory of the alien race". "Welsh" (German Wdhch) im- plies a people of either Latin or Celtic origin living in a land near or adjoining that of the Teutons; thus W&lschland is an obsolescent, poetical German term for Italy. After an invasion lasting 330 years, the

dary is identical with that of the eastern-most of those twelve counties. This is the popular, English, school- manual view. According to another view, Wales has thirteen counties, Monmouthshire being the thir- teenth, in addition to the above twelve. The English and anglicized inhabitants of the thirteenth county vehemently deny the correctness of its inclusion.

Anglican, Saxon, jind Jutish "comelings" liaving They point to the fact that, although Henry VIII had

driven the earlier "homelings" into the hill-country declared the lhirt(-en counties to constitute the Prin-

of the west by steady encroachments and spasmodic cijiality of Wales, a statute of Charles II so far

conquests, the names Wales and Welsh were detached Monmouthshire from the others as to

applied to the ancient people and the land they annex it to the O.xford Assize Circuit. To this the