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Waagen, Wilhelm Heinrich, geologist and pa- laeontologist, b. at Munich, 23 June, 1841; d. at Vienna, 24 March, 1900. He completed a brilliant course at the University of Munich with the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and the publication of an elaborate work on geology, which was crowned by the university. In 1866 he became an instructor in palseontology at the University of Munich, and at the same time taught Princess Theresa and Prince Arnulf of Bavaria. Although an excellent teacher, and especially competent in practical work, Waagen, who was a most loyal Catholic, had little prospect of obtaining a professorship at the University of Munich. Consequently, in 1870, he accepted the offer of a position as assistant in the geological survey of India. The severity, however, of the Indian climate obliged him to return permanently to Europe in 1875. In 1877 he became instructor at the University of Vienna, and lectured with great success on the geology of India. In 1879 Waagen went to the German Polytechnic of Prague as professor of geologj' and mineralogy; in 1890 he was professor of palsontology at the University of Vienna; in 1886 he had dechned a call to the school of mines at Berhn. He was named councillor of the board of mines (Oberbergarl) , and in 1893 was made a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences. Waagen's writings before his trip to India treat especially the German Jura and its fossils. He did work of per- manent value in the geological investigation of India (the Salt Range) by the scientific presentation of rich palieontological material. In 1869, after an exhaustive study of ammonites, Waagen advocated the theory of evolution or mutation for certain series of fossils. As a young man he had taken an active part in the Catholic life of Munich, and two years before his death he wrote a treatise on the first chapter of Gene- sis which shows both the learned geologist and the devout Christian.

Waagen was one of the editors of the periodical "Geognostisch-palaontologische Beit rage "(Munich), and during the years 1894-1900 editor of the "Beitrage zur Palaontologie Oesterreich-Ungarns und des Orients" (Vienna); after the death of Bar- rande (1883) he edited several volumes of Barrande's work "Systfime silurien". Waagen's most important works were: "Der Jura in Franken, Schwaben und der Schweiz" (Munich, 1864); " Klassification der Schichten des obern Jura" (Munich, 1865); "Die Formenreihe des Ammonites subradiatus" (Munich, 1869) ; "Ueber die geologische Vertcilung der Organis- men in Indien" (Vienna, 1878); "Das Schopfung.s- problem" in "Natur und Offenbarung" (Miinster, 1898; as a separate i)ublication, 1899); "GUederung der pelagischen Sedimente des Triassystems " (Vien- na, 189.5). He wTote in English: "Jurassic Fauna of Kutch" (1873-6); "Preductus Limestone" (1879- 91); "Fossils from the Ceratite Formation" (1892).

Ueua in CentralhlaU fUr Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaontologie (Stuttgart, 1900).

Joseph H. Rompel.

Wace, Robert, poet, b. at Jersey, about 1 100; d. at Bayeux, 1174. His maternal grandfather, Toustein, was a chamberlain to Duke Robert, and his family belonged to the nobility. When very yotmg, as he was destined to the Church, he was sent to Caen to make his studies, and afterwards to Paris. Between 1130 and 1135 he returned to Caen, where he was

appointed ckre lisant (reader) to King Henry I. Being in straitened circumstances, he began to write to increase his resources. The first of his works that have come down to us are: "TheLifeof St. Nicholas"; "The Life of St. Margaret"; and the "Brut", better known under the title of "Geste des Bretons . The latter poem, presumably finished in 1155, was pre- sented to Alienor, Queen of England; the two other works had been written for wealthy lords who had books translated from Latin for their personal instruction. In 1160 he began his "Roman du Rou", or "Geste des Normanz", dedicated to King Henry II. In 1162 he accompanied the king at Fecamp, when the remains of Richard I and Richard II were removed. He was appointed canon of Bayeux not between 1155 and 1160, but between 1160 and 1170, according to his own authority. At the beginning of his poem, he says positively that when he began to write the Ron's history, in 1160, he was "a clerk of Caen", while in the second part (certainly composed after 1170) he states that he was granted a prebend in the church of Bayeux by King Henry.

Paris in Romania, IX; Meyer in Romania, XVII (Paris).

Louis N. Delamarre.

Wachter, Eberhard, painter, b. at Stuttgart, 29 February, 1762; d. at Stuttgart, 14 August, 1852. He studied painting at Paris under Regnault, David, and Gros, and later went to Rome, where he improved his French classical style of painting by the study of Italian art. He appreciated Carstens's freer style with its sterling merit, and adopted the ideas of the Romantic school. While at Rome he became a Catholic. He gained groat influence over his con- temporaries by his fine perception of the depths of feehng that could be evoked from the subjects he used. To this period of his best work belong a "Child Jesus on the Lamb", "Belisarius at the Porta Pinciana at Rome", and "Job and His Friends". In 1798 the French drove him from Rome, and he went to Vienna, as he found no place in his native town of Stuttgart, on account of his conversion. At Vienna he illustrated books and made drawings, many of which were etched or engraved by Rahl and Leybold. While there he also painted a "Mater dolorosa", a "Caritas", and "Criton Visiting Socrates in Prison". Wachter was the real founder of the Brotherhood of St. Luke, a society of those painters who soon after cstabUshed at Rome a more natural and thoughtful school of painting, known as the Nazarenes. Wach- ter finally went to Stuttgart, where he painted "C:i- mon in Prison", "Ulysses and the Sirens", the "Boat of Life", "Andromache standing at the LTm with Hector's Ashes", the "Greek Muse mourning over the Ruins of Athens", a "Virgin with St. .John Sorrowing at the Grave of Christ", etc. He excelled in treating lyrical and elegiac subjects.

WlKTrKRLiv. WUrlrmhrriiiachc KUnMlrr in LehenahiUem (Stutt- gart, ISfir,); liiEOFL, Ccxch. rlrr nrufm rinitschm Kunst. I (Han- over, lS7fi) ; Keber, (Jesch. der neueren deulschm Kunst, I (Stutt- gart, 1SS4).

G. GlETMANN.

Wadding, LtJKE, historian and theologian, b. at Waterford, Ireland, 16 Oct., 1.588; d. at St. Isidore's College, Rome, 18 Nov., 16.57.

I. BiuTH AND Education. — He was the son of Walter Wadding, a citizen of eminence, and Anast.asia Lombard, a near relation of Peter Lombard, Arch- bishop of Armagh. He was the eleventh of fourteen

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