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 VIZAGAPATAM

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VIZEU

physics could be taught without experiments. It is certain, however, that Hmitations are possible for the lecture-room. A legislative body exceeds its author- ity when it wishes to prescribe to the investigator the methods and means to be used in investigation. But it may have the right to prescribe certain conditions. Thus, Austria has the following rational regulations: Experiments on hving animals can be made only in government institutions, only by the heads of the in- stitutions or instructors, or under their supervision by other persons. They are also permitted in exceptional cases for purposes of instruction. When possible, the animals are to be thoroughly anaesthetized. Higher animals are to be used only when it is absolutely necessary. The laws respecting vivisection in Ger- many are similar to these. In England the Act relat- ing to vivisection was passed in 1876. It places vari- ous restrictions upon the practice of experiments on animals. A hcence is required, besides one or more certificates setting forth the conditions under which the experiment is to be made. The Home-Secretary is empowered by the Act to issue such additional regu- lations as may in his judgment be required by the circumstances. See Cruelty to Animals.

Against vivisection: — Tait, The Usetessness of Vivisection upon Animals as a Method of Scientific Research (1883) : von Weber, Die F alter kammern der Wissenscha/l (5th ed., 1879).

For \'ivi3ection; — RErMONn, Der physiologische Untcrrickt Sonst und Jetzt (1877); Heidenhain, Die Vivisection im Dienste der Heilkunde (1879); Idem, Die Vivisection (1884), an exhaustive and valuable statement of the case; Lubarsch, Ueber die sogen- annte Vivisection (1905).

Leopold Senfelder.

Vizagapatam, Diocese of (Vizag.\p.\tamensi8), in the east of India, suffragan to Madras. It is bounded on the north by the River Mahanadi, on the south by the Godavery river, on the west by the Diocese of Nagpur, and on the east by the Bay of Bengal. The Catholic population is 13,356, out of a total of about 9,000,000 inhabitants. There are 16 Catholic churches and 57 chapels served by 28 priests of the Congregation of St. Francis of Sales (Annecy, Savoy), assisted by 6 lay brothers. There are also 66 nuns of St. Joseph of Annecy. The bishop's residence, the cathedral, and a seminary, with 6 candidates from Savoy under training, are at Viza- gapatam. The following are the chief Catholic in- stitutions in the diocese: St. Aloysius' High School, Vizagapatam, teaching up to matriculation, with 200 pupils, of whom 125 are boarders; St. Joseph's High School, Waltair, for European girls with 230 pupils; Telegu schools for caste-girls with 232 pupils; School for Brahmins and Rajput caste-girls at Vizianagram, with 170 pupils; various other Telugu and Enghsh schools, primary schools, etc. Total number attending all the schools, 869 boys and 945 girls. Several orphanages supporting 115 boys and 166 girls. Dispensaries in the chief stations of the mission.

History. — Although this district was included within the confines of the Portuguese Diocese of My- lapur from the year 1606, and since 1834 formed part of the Vicariate Apostolic of Madras, ne.xt to nothing of missionary work was done here until the year 1845, when it was erected into a vicariate. The first fathers arriving at Vizagapatam found there one old priest, a Theatine, the last survivor of what was known as the Golconda mission. There was only a scattering of Catholics in a few places, mostly either European troops or camp followers. In 1S50 their number was estimated at about 4000 at a time when the vicariate included the whole of the Nagpur districts in addition to those of the present diocese. These Nagpur ilis- tricts were divided off and made into a diocese in 1887, when Vizagapatam also became a diocese, both BufTragan to Madras.

Succexttinn nf Prelates (Virnrs Apostolic): — Theo- philus Sebastian Neyret, 1849-1862; John M. Tis-

sot, 1863-1890, became first bishop in 1887; John Mary Clerc, present bishop from 1891.

La Mission de Vizagapatam, bv a missionary of .St. Francis dc Sales (Annecy, 1890); Madras Catholic Directors; (1910).

Ernest R. Hull.

Vizeu, Diocese of (Visensis), in north central Portugal. The bishopric dates from the sixth century and including the doubtful prelates and those elected but not confirmed, it has had eighty-three bishops. The hst begins with Remissol (572-585) who attended the Second Council of Braga, but was exiled by the Arian King Leovigild. Tunila succeeded him and abjured Arianism at the Third Council of Toledo; bishops of Viseu were present at the fourth, sixth, eighth, twelfth, and thirteenth councils of 'Toledo. There was a vacancy of fifteen years from 665 to 680; Theofredo was bishop in 693. Then, owing to the invasion of the Saracens, Vizeu remained without a bishop for nearly two centuries. Theodomiro assisted at the consecration of the church of Santiago de ComposteUa in 876, and at the Council of Oviedo in 877 and was followed by Gundemiro in 905. In this century Vizeu was occupied by the Moors during seventy-six years and at first had no bishop, but afterwards its prelates, Gomes and Sisnando (1020- 1064), resided in Oviedo. From 1110 to 1144 the diocese was governed by priors appointed by the bishops of Coimbra, in virtue of a Bull of Paschal II; among them was Saint Theotonio, afterwards patron of the city. The line of bishops began again with Odorio.

Nicolau (1193), a canon regular, studied in Paris and there met the future Innocent III, who after his election to the papacy received him at Rome and recommended him to the queen for his learning and modesty. Martinho was appointed in 1230; after his death the see remained vacant until 1250, when Pedro Gonvalves was confirmed in it. Matheus I (1254) took part in the long conflicts between Crown and Church, which had begun in the reign of King Alfonso II, and in defence of ecclesiastical immunities went with other bishops to Rome, dying at Viterbo. After eight years, during which Portugal was under interdicts, Matheus II filled the see, and he was followed by Egas I (1259), an active reformer, and Martinho II (1313). This prelate carried out impor- tant work in the cathedral, which dates at least from 830, when King Ferdinand the Great recaptured the city from the Moors; it was almost reconstructed early in the twelfth century. Gon(alo de Figueiredo (1323), who had been married before entering the church, is remembered as the founder of many noble families; his successor Miguel Vivas (1330) served as chancellor to Alfonso IV.

After Joao III (1375), "of good memory", came two prelates, Pedro II and Joao IV, whose rule was brief on account of the Great Sehism, the former being deposed by Urban VI. A fifth Joao followed in the see in 1392 and, being highly esteemed by the king, was chosen godfather of Prince Henry the Navigator, and received from the monarch the gift of a Roman tower for the cathedral bells. Luiz do Amaral, the only bishop native of the city, represented Portugal at the Council of Basel, and, embracing the cause of the ant ipope Felix V, was sent on various embassies; he returned however to the lawful obedience before his death. Luiz Coutinho II (1438) was promoted to Coimbra in 1446, being followed by Joao Vicente (founder of the Loyos, a congregation of secular canons of St. John), who was known as "the holy bishop". He reformed the Order of Christ and gave it new statutes by order of Prince Henry, Duke of Vizeu, the grand-master. Cardinal d'Alpedrinha. the richest and most influential of Portuguese prel- ates, lived at Rome from 1479 and dying tlierc in 150S was buried in his splendid chapel in Santa Maria del Popolo. Diego Ortiz de Villiegas (1507), a