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VIVISECTION

took an important part in the Council of Constance; Alexander Farnese (1560-65), cardinal in 1534.

Under Bishop Bonnel (1836-1841), there occurred in the Diocese of Viviers the extraordinary move- ment of allignolisme. The brothers, Charles-R^gis AlUgnol and Augustin AlUgnol, b. at La Rouviere, in the diocese, pubhshed in 1839 a work entitled "L'Etat actuel du clerge en France", in which they demanded the immovability of the succursalistes; installation of diocesan synods to assist the bishop in the adminis- tration of his diocese; the representation for the lower clergy at councils; suppression of fees, and the modification of studies in the seminaries. Boyer, director of the Seminary of St-Sulpice, refuted the writing of the brothers Allignol in a book which he wrote, and they were removed by Bishop Bonnel. The older of the two brothers hastened to Rome, where Gregory XVI and many cardinals received him kindly. The pope ordered that their book should be submitted to two doctors, but that no "note of infamy" was to be attached. Father Perrone, one of the doctors, judged the book severely, and noticed in it propositions impregnated with Presbyterianism. But the brothers, claiming that they were favoured by the pope and alleging in proof that they had been allowed to have a private chapel, continued to create disturbance in the Diocese of Viviers. Meanwhile (1841) Jean-Hippolyte Guibert, later Archbishop of Paris and cardinal, became Bishop of Viviers.

Thouez, the cure of Aubenas, who felt kindly to the brothers Alhgnol, although he recommended moderation to them, and reprimanded their errors, tried to shield them from the displeasure of the new bishop. The latter soon perceived that their efforts to democratize the Church were very dangerous; this tendency was supported by Savin, archpriest of the Cathedral of Viviers, and by Tailhant, cure of Ves- seaux, who published two pamphlets in favour of re- storing to the succursalistes their social position. On 31 Aug., 1844, the AUignolist party published in "Le Bien Social" a long diatribe against Bishop Guibert, and copies of this newspaper were distributed to all the priests of the diocese, then assembled for the retreat. The bishop was offended, forbade the Alli- gnol brothers to use the private chapel, suspended the archpriest of Viviers, and published, 6 Jan., 1845, a pastoral letter "on dangerous tendencies of a party springing up in the Church of France against episcopal authority". This letter was api^roved by Cardinal Lambruschini, Secretary of State of Gregory XVI. After that Guibert, 2 June, 1845, published a new pastoral letter promulgating an answer from Pius IX to the Bishop of Lidge on the subject of siwcursalisles. The AUignols submitted, and Gregory XVI, 26 Nov., 1845, sent to Bishop Guibert a congratulatory Brief on the happy end of the crisis, which might have re- sulted in an agitation against the Concordat itself.

Several saints are connected with the history of the diocese: the Spanish deacon and martyr, St. Vincent (end of third century), protector of the cathedral church and of the diocese; St. Just, Bishop of Lyons (end of the fourth century), belonging to the family of the Counts of Tournon; St. Montan, hermit (fifth century); St. Ostianus (sixth century), confessor, a relative of Sigismund, King of the Burgundians. St. Agreve, who (according to some legends) was Bishop of Lc Puy, was martyred in Vivarais, on the present site of the city of St-Agreve (sevcnt h century) ; the Blessed Amadcus, founder of the Benedictine Abbey of Mazan (d. 1140); St. Benezet, shepherd (ll.5-86), builder of the bridge of Avignon, b. in Vivarais; the Blessisl Guigucs 1, fifth prior of the Grande Chartreu.se, friend of St. Bernard, and writer of the "Statuta ordinis Carthusiensis" (twelfth century); St. Francis Regis.

The following were natives of the Diocese of Vi- viers: Cardinal de Tournon (1489-1562), an active

diplomatist in the service of Francis I, and who presided at the Colloquy of Poissy, Archbishop of Bourges, Auch, and Lyons, and Abbe of St. Germain-des- Prfe; Cardinal de Bernis (1715-94); Abbe Barruel, controversialist (1741-1820); the Joyeuse family, of which Ange de Joyeuse was a member, were natives of Vivarais.

Viviers was often troubled by rehgious conflicts: the war of the Albigenses in the thirteenth century; the revolt of the Calvinists against Louis XIII (1627- 29), which ended in the capture of Privas by the royal ;irmy; the Dragonnades under Louis XIV after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes; the war of the Camisards. Viviers honours the memory of several Catholics, who died heroically during the con- flict with the Calvinists: we must especially mention the mart\Tdom of some priests assembled in synod at the church of ^iilleneuve de Berg (March, 1573) ; the martjTdom of the Jesuit Jean Salez, and of his com- panion Sautemouche at Aubenas (February, 1583); the mart>Tdom of Father Jerome, a Capuchin chap- lain of the troops of Louis XIII, surprised by Hugue- nots at Privas (15 May, 1629). The chief pilgrimages of the diocese are: Notre-Dame de Chalons and Notre- Dame d'Ay, near SatiUieu (both existing since the twelfth century) ; Notre-Dame de Montaigu at Tour- non (dating from 1628) ; Notre-Dame de Bon Secours, at La Blachere (end of seventeenth century), Notre- Dame de la Deliverance, Chapias (in existence since the Reign of Terror), and especially the pilgrimage to the tomb of St. John Francis Regis (La Louvesc).

There were, in the Diocese of Viviers, before the appHcation of the Associations law of 1901: Jesuits: Oblatesof Mary Immaculate; Religious of St. Mary of the Assumption; Sulpicians; and several orders of teaching brothers. The Order of the Basilians had been founded in 1800 at Annonay by d'Aviau, Arch- bishop of Vienne, for the recruiting of priests. Car- dinal Donnet, and several bishops of France, were pupils of the Basilians. After the Decree of 1881 re- garding the congregations had been promulgated, the Basilians joined the secular clergy. Among the or- ders of women founded in the diocese mention may be made of: the Sisters of the Presentation of Mary, who teach and nurse the sick, founded in 1796 by Ven. Marie Rivier (1768-1838) with a mother-house at Bourg St-Andeol; the Sisters of Providence, founded at Annonay by Mary and Therese Liond, for the care of orphan girls; the Sisters of St. Francis Regis, founded at the beginning of the nineteenth century by Abbe Thernie (1791-1834) for the instruction of poor children, with a mother-house at Aubenas. At the end of the nineteenth century the Diocese of Viviers had 2 creches; 39 infant schools; 1 school for deaf mutes; 2 orphan asylums for boys; 14 orphan asy- lums for girls; 2 houses of correction and reform; 2 refuges; 11 religious houses for nursing the sick at home; 1 home for convalescents; 1 asylum for the in- sane; 10 hospitals or alms-houses. The population of the Diocese of Viviers was in 1905 (the last year of the Concordat), 353,564; there were 37 first class parishes; 334 second class parishes, and 134 vicarages paid by the state.

Gallia chris/. flSfi.-,-!. nm;i. XVI. ,539, 590; inslr., 219-2SS: Duchesne, f, T : vnls., Paris. 1900-2); Ron-

cmER, Hi.il<'i liliqu.edu Vivarais, I (Paris,

1861) ; CoN>. 1 V ;/isc de Virins (Nice, 1897) ;

Mazon. Qu.li les Eglists du Vivarais (2

vols,, Privas. lN',iI-'.i:ii: Ipkm. Exsai hislorique sur le Vivarais pendanl la guerre de rent ans (Tournon, 1890); Roche, Armorial O^nfatogique el biographique des ^vtques de Viviers (2 vols,, Lyons, 1891); MoLLiER, Saints et pieux personnages du Vivarais (Paris,

1S9,5). Georges Goy.\u.

Vivisection, Mor.\i, Aspect of. — Defined literally the word vivisection signifies the diiwection of living creatures; ordinarily it means any scientific experi- ment on animals involving the use of the scalpel; in- correctly it is used for any experimental observationa