Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 15.djvu/54

 TRE FONTANE

30

TRENT

this noble woman laboured bravely for her convent. The community has been obhged to leave France, and is established in England at Ealing (1912).

Cedoz, Un couvciit de rcligieuses anglaises (1891) ; Almond, Leu dames anglaises (Paris, 1911).

FRANCE.SCA M. Steele.

Tre Fontane. See Saints Vincent and Ana- STASius, Abbey of.

Tregian, Francis, confessor, b. in Cornwall, 1.548; d. at Lisbon, 25 Sept., 1608. He was son of Thomas Tregian of Wolveden, Cornwall, and Cath- erine Arundell; and inherited property worth three thousand pounds a year, the whole of which was con- fiscated by Elizabeth because he had harboured Blessed Cuthbert Mayne (q. v.). Previously he had resided at Court in order to help the persecuted Catholics, and he is said by liis biographer to have in- curred the queen's displeasure by refusing her im- proper advances. After suffering imprisonment at Windsor and in various London prisons for twenty- eight years, he was liberated by James I, who banished him. Having visited Douai he retired to Madrid, where the King of Spain assigned him a pension. Seventeen years after death his body was found in- corrupt, and miracles are stated to have been wrought by his intercession. He married Mary, daughter of Charles, seventh Lord Stourton, by whom he had eighteen children.

Plu.\kett, lieroum spprulum de vita DM. Francisci Tregeon (Lisbon, 1655); Anm .>m.h -, i,,,,!/ and Long Sufferings for the Catholic Faith of Mr I / - ' r,/j. contemporary MS. printed

by Morris in Tr">:' << t \tholic Forefathers, I (London,

1S72); CHALLONEii, .1/"/' ' ' Missionary Priests, I (London, 1741); Camm, Lines of ihr linglish Martyrs, II (London. 1905); Third Douay Diary in Catholic Record Society Publications, X (London, 1911); Gillow, Bibl. Did. Eng. Cath., s. v.; Cooper in Diet. Nat. Biog., s. v.

Edwin Burton.

Tremithus, titular see, suffragan of Salamis in Cyprus. The city is mentioned by Ptolemy (Geog., V, xiii, 6), Hierocies (ed. Burckhardt, 708, 7), George of Cyprus (ed. Gelzer, 1109), and other geographers. Among its bishops were: St. Spyridon, a shepherd and married, present at the Council of Nicaea in 325, and whose cult is popular in the East (Anal. boUand., XXVI, 239); St. Arcadius and St. Nestor, venerated 14 Feb. or 7 March; Theopompus, at the Second (Ecumenical Council in 381; Theodore, at the Sixth CEcumenieal Council in 681, and who wrote a biog- raphy of St. John Chrysostom (P. G., XLVH; 51- 88); George, at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787; Spyridon in 1081, when the see was temporarily restored. The usurper Isaac Comnenus was defeated here in 1191 by Richard Coeur de Lion who after- wards took ])oss('ssion of Cyprus. The city was then destroyed and sur\i\-cs only in the Greek village of Trimethusia in thr district of Chrysocho.

Le Qdien, Oriens chnsL. II, 1009-72; Gelzer, Georgii Cyprii Descriptio orbis romani (Leipzig, 1890), 213; Hackett. .4 History of the orthodox Church of Cyprus (London, 1901), .S22 sqq.

S. Vailh^.

Trent, Council op. — The nineteenth cecumenical council opened at Trent on 13 Dec, 1.545, and closed there on 4 Dec, 1563. Its main object was the defin- itive determination of the doctrines of the Church in answer to the heresies of the Protestants; a further object was the execution of a thorough reform of the inner life of the Church by removing the numerous abuses that had developed in it.

I. Convocation and Opening. — On 28 Nov., 1518, Luther had appealed from the pope to a general council because he was convinced that he would be condemned at Rome for his heretical doctrines. The Diet held at Nuremberg in 1.523 demanded a "free Christian council" on (icrman .soil, and at the Diet held in the same city in 1524 a demand was made for a German national council to regulate temporarily the questions in disi)ute, and for a general council to

settle definitely the accusations against Rome, and the religious disputes. Owing to the feeling prevalent in Germany the demand was very dangerous. Rome positively rejected the German national council, but did not aKsolutely object to holding a general council. Emperor Charles V forbade the national council, but notified Clement VII through his ambassadors that he considered the calling of a general council expe- dient and proposed the city of Trent as the place of assembly. In the years directly succeeding this, the unfortunate dispute between emperor and pope pre- vented any further negotiations concerning a council. Nothing was done until 1529 when the papal ambas- sador, Pico della Mirandola, declared at the Diet of Speyer that the pope was ready to aid the Germans in the struggle against the Turks, to urge the restora- tion of peace among Christian rulers, and to convoke a general council to meet the following summer. Charles and Clement VII met at Bologna in 1530, and the pope agreed to call a council, if necessary. The cardinal legate, Lorenzo Campeggio, opposed a coun- cil, convinced that the Protestants were not honest in demanding it. Still the Catholic princes of Ger- many, especially the dukes of Bavaria, favoured a council as the best means of overcoming the evils from which the Church was suffering; Charles never wa- vered in his determination to have the council held as soon as there was a period of general peace in Chris- tendom.

The matter was also discussed at the Diet of Augs- burg in 1530, when Campegio again opposed a coun- cil, while the emperor declared himself in favour of one provided the Protestants were willing to restore earlier conditions until the decision of the council. Charles's proposition met the approval of the Catholic princes, who, however, wished the assembly to meet in Germany. The emperor's letters to his ambassadors at Rome on the subject led to the discussion of the matter twice in the congregation of cardinals appointed especially for German affairs. Although opinions differed, the pope wrote to the emperor that Charles could promise the convoking of a council with his consent, provided the Protestants returned to the obedience of the Church. He proposed an Italian city, preferably Rome, as the place of assembly. The emperor, however, distrusted the pope, believing that Clement did not really desire a council. Mean- time, the Protestant princes did not agree to abandon their doctrines. Clement constantly raised diffi- culties in regard to a council, although Charles, in accord with most of the cardinals, especially Farnese, del Monte, and Canisio, repeatedly urged upon him the calling of one as the sole means of composing the religious disputes. Meanwhile the Protestant princes refused to withdraw from the position they had taken up. Francis I, of France, sought to frustrate the con- voking of the council by making impossible conditions. It was mainly his fault that the council was not held during the reign of Clement VII, for on 28 Nov., 1531, it had been unanimously agreed in a consistory that a council should be called. At Bologna in 1532, the emperor and the pope discussed the question of a council again and decided that it should meet as soon as the approval of all Christian princes had been obtained for the plan. Suitable Briefs addressed to the rulers were drawn up and legates were commis- sioned to go to Germany, France, and England. The answer of the French king was unsatisfactory. Both he and Henry VIII of England avoided a definitive reply, and the German Protestants rejected the con- ditions proposed bv the pope.

The next pope, Paul III (1534-49), as Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, had always strongly favoured the convening of a council, and had, during the conclave, urged the calling of one. When, after his election, he first met the cardinals, 17 October, 1534, he spoke of the necessity of u general council, and