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 TREBNITZ

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TREDWAY

astpries still inhabited, and which played a certain part in Byzantine history.

The first traces of (Christianity at Trcbizond are found under Diocletian wlien St. Engenius, still the patron of the city, St. Canisiiis, and their companions were martyred. Among the saints of whom mention is still made were the Hishop St. Basil, tenth century (feast, 20 October), and St. Theodore Gabras, martyred about 1098 (feast, 2 October). At first merely a suffragan of Neocsesarea in Pontus Polemoniacus, Trebizond became the metropolitan see of Lazica when the ancient metropolis, Phasis, was lost by the Byzantine Empire. At the end of the ninth century it had seven suffragans, which number continued to increase. The emperors of Trebizond profited by their political situation to secure privileges for the bishop of their capital. By an official act of 1 Janu- ary, 1200, the Greek Patriarch of Nica-a, at the request of Michael VIII Paleologus, recognized a semi-inde- pendence of the Metropolitan of Trebizond. Thence- forth the titulars of this city went neither to Nicsa nor Constantinople to receive episcopal consecration from the patriarch; it was given them in their own church in the presence of a delegate from the patriarch who assisted at, or, if he were a bishop, jircsided at the ceremony. But the patriarch reserved to himself as formerly the ordinations of the other metropolitans or the autocephalous archbishops of the empire. Of course after the suppression of the Em])ire of Trebi- zond in 1462 the metropolitans of this city lost these privileges and w-ere made like all the other metropoli- tans, in which condition they are at present. Le Quicn (Oriens christ., I, 509-14) gives a list of eigh- teen Greek bishops of Trebizond, to which other names might be added. Among them Domnus, the oldest known, who assisted at the Council of Nica;a in 325; Atarbius, at Chalcedon in 451; Anthimus, the future Monophysite Patriarch of Constantinople, who deposed Pope St. Agajiitus in 536; Dorotheus, who assisted at the Council of Florence (1439), and signed its decree of union; Cyril, who in 1653 was in Paris with the Dominican Pere Goar, and made a profession of Catholic faith at Rome. To these may be added the Bishop Ouranios who, according to an inscription (C.I.G., 8636), restored buildings in the year 542. In the Middle Ages, because of the Venetian and Gen- oese merchants and also because of the missionaries who went to evangelize the Khazars, Comans, and Tatars, a Latin see was established at Trebizond. The oldest-known titular was a Franciscan, Androni- cus Comnenus, mentioned in 1289. In Le Quien (op. cit., Ill, 1097-1100) and in Eubel (Hierarchia cath- olica medii xvi, I, 520) will be found the names of several other bishops from 1344 to 1437. The Latin diocese must have lasted until the capture of the city by Mohammed II.

The Armenian Catholic diocese, erected in 1850 by Pius IX, is of vast extent; it has 4300 faithful, 4 churches, 7 stations, 4 primary schools, 9 secular priests, and 4 Mechitarists. There are also Jes\uts at Marsivan and Amasia, engaged exclusively with the Armenians; the Oblates of the Assumption are at Amasia for the same object. The Capuchins are established for the Latins at Trebizond, Samsun, and Ineboli, and are dependent on the delegate Apostolic at Constantinople; the Sisters of St. Jo- seph of the Apparition have a boarding-school at Trebizond.

Gainsford, The Historie of Trebizonde (l^xidon, 1616): Fallme- KKYT^n, Gegch. des Kaisfertums Trapczu7i( (Munich, 1827); Fischeb. Trapezunl u. tieine Hedcxitunq in der Gesch, in ZeituchTifl fUr aUtje- meine Gearh.. Ill (Stutteart. 1886). 13-.39; Idem. Trapaumim II u. IS Jahrhundcrf in \fiUeilunqen des InMituts filT Ust. Geachichts- forsch. X. 77-127; Kritmbacher, Getsch. der byzantinischen Litera- lur (Munich, 1S97), 1049-1051; Millet. Les mormsth-es el ha igUneft dr Trfbizorvlc in BuUeiin de correspondance hcUenitjue, XIX. 419-4.'i9; Idem. Inscriptions byzantines de Tribizonde, op. cit. XX, 498-.501 ; Strztgowski. Leji chapileaux de Sainte-Sophie i Tribizonde, op. cit.. XIX. 517-522; Petit, Aele synodal du palriarche Niciphort II sur Us privitioes du mMropotilain de

Tribizonde in Bulletin de I'inslitut arch, russe de Constantinople, VIII, 163-171; Missiones catholics (Rome, 1897). 7.59.

S. Vailh6.

Trebnitz, a former abbey of Cistercian nuns, situated north of Breslau in Silesia. It was founded in 1203 by Duke Henry the Bearded of Silesia and his wife St. Hedwig. The story of its foundation relates that once Duke Henry when out hunting fell into a swamp from which he could not extricate himself. In return for the rescue from this perilous position he vowed to build the abbey. With St. Hedwig's con- sent. Bishop Ekbert of Bamberg, her brother, chose the first nuns that occupied the convent. The first abbess was Petrussa; she was followed by Gertrude, the daughter of St. Hedwig. Up to 1515 the abbesses were first jirincesses of the Piast House and afterwards members of the nobility. The abbey was richly en- dowed with lands by Duke Henry. When Hedwig became a widow she went to live at Trebnitz and was buried there. It is said that towards the end of the thhteenth century the nuns numbered 120. In 1672 there were 32 nuns and 6 lay sisters; in 1805 there were 23 nuns and 6 lay sisters. The abbey suf- fered from all kinds of misfortunes both in the Middle Ages and in modern times: from famine in 1315, 1338, 1434, and 1617; from di.sastrous fires in 1413, 1432, 1464, 1486, 1505, 1595, and 1782. At the Reforma- tion most of the nuns were Poles, as were the majority until during the eighteenth century. The Abbey of Trebnitz sutTered so greatly during the Thirty Years War that the nuns fled to Poland, as they did again in 1663 when the Turks threatened Silesia. The last abbess, Dominica von Gillcr, died on 17 August, 1810, and on 11 November, 1810, the abbey was sup- pressed and secularized. The building, which was very extensive, was sold later and turned into a cloth factory. It is now used as the mother-house of the Trebnitz Sisters of St. Charles Borromeo and as a hospital conducted by the sisters. The church, a basilica with pillars in the late Romanesque style, to which Baroque additions were made, is now the parish church. The grave of St. Hedwig is in the chapel of St. Hedwig to the right of the high alt.ar. The grave of Duke Henry I, her husband, is in front of the altar.

Schmidt. Gesch. des Kloslerstiftcs Trebnitz (Oppeln. 1853) ; Bach. Gesch. und Beschreihung des Klosterstijtes in Trebnitz (Neisse, 1859) ; Jungnitz, Wallfahrlsbuchlein far Verehrer der hi. Hedwig (3d ed., Breslau. 1902).

Klemens Loffler.

Tredway, Lettice Mary (called "Lady" Tred- way), b. 1.595; d. Oct., 1677; daughter of Sir Walter Tredway, of Buckley Park, Northamptonshire; her mother was Elizabeth Weyman. In July, 1616, Lady Tredway entered the novitiate of the Canonesses Regular of the Lateran of Notre-Dame-dc-Beaulieu at Sin, near Douai (where she was probalily educated), and in Oct., 1617, made licr solemn profession. In 1631 she and Miles Pinkncy, belter known as Father Carre, a priest of the English College at Douai, con- ceived the project of opening a house for canonesses for Engli.sh subjects only at Douai. The idea was approved by the authorities at home and abroad, and in 1634 it was decided to open this English convent at Paris. Dr. Smith, Bishop of Chalcedon, then in exile in Paris, helped them so generously that he may be counted a co-founder. He blessed Lady Tred- way as abbess, and the Convent of Notre-Dame-de- Sion was permanently established in the Rue des Fosses in 1639. Father Carre and Lady Tredway were also practically the founders of the Seminary of St. Gregory for training priests for the English Mis- sion. A pension for English ladies and a school were attached to the new convent, of which Lady Tredway held the office of abbess till 1675, when her infirmities compelled her to resign. Since her death the superiors have held the title of prioress. For forty-one years