Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 15.djvu/488

 VIGNOLA

428

VIGOR

while the pope was celebrating the feast of St. Cecilia in the Church of St. Ceciha in Trastevere, and before the service was fully ended, he was ordered by the imperial official Anthimus to start at once on the journey to Constantinople. The pope was taken immediately to a ship that waited in the Tiber, in order to be carried to the eastern capital, while a part of the populace cursed the pope and threw stones at the ship. Rome was now besieged by the Goths un- der Totila and the inhabitants fell into the greatest misery. Vigihus sent ships with grain to Rome but these were captured by the enemy. If the story re- lated by the "Liber pontificahs" is essentially correct, the pope probably left Rome on 22 Nov., 545. He remained for a long time in Sicily, and reached Con- stantinople about the end of 546 or in January, 547. Vigilius sought to persuade the emperor to send aid to the inhabitants of Rome and Italy who were so hard pressed by the Goths. Justinian's chief interest, however, was in the matter of the Tliree Chapters, and as Vigilius was not ready to make concessions on this point and wavered frequently in his measures, he had much to suffer. The change in his position is to be explained by the fact that the condemnation of the writings mentioned was justifiable essentially, yet ap- peared inopportune and would lead to disastrous con- troversies with Western Europe. Finally, Vigihus acknowledged in a letter of 8 Dec, 553, to the Patri- arch Eutychius the decisions of the Synod of Con- stantinople and declared his judgment in detail in a Constitution of 26 February, 554. Thus at the end of a sorrowful residence of eight years at Constantinople the pope was able, after coming to an understanding with the emperor, to start on his return to Rome in the spring of 555. While on the journey he died at Syra- cuse. His body was brought to Rome and buried in the Basihca of Sylvester over the Catacomb of Pris- cilla on the Via Salaria.

JaffiS, Regesta rom. pont,, 2nd ed., I, 117 sqq.; Liber pontificatis, ed. Duchesne, I, 296 sqq.; with Duchesne's notes; Chronica minora, ed. MoMMSEN in Man. Germ. //«.; Auct. ant.. XI (Berlin,

1894); COUSTANT, De I7.;./i; ;-'-■;" -;.'■'■ .7 r-i/,.. 7 rf^;,•^ ,-/,■■ -rrMOo

in 'PlTRA, ATialecta nor) ■ ■ I ri-'- I^^r,' ';7n -...| IM -.i/rs. Papst Vigilius und dt r !>■ '. ■ Mm.i, i, i^il I )r-

CHESNE, Vigile et Pelan' VA t.' .' ;■;• ' '' / ' /. \ \ X \ 1 il^^4).

289 sqq.; Chamard. t6iJ., XX.Wil i l,s»,,), 04u».ni. ; LiLanK.-iNB, ibid., 579 sqq. ; LEvfeQUE. Etude sur le pape Vigile (Amiens. 1SS7) ; Hefele, Konziliengeschichte, II (2nd ed., Freiburg. 1875), ed. Leclercq., Ill, 1 sq.; Grisar, Gesch. Boms und der P&pste, I (Freiburg. 1901), 502 sqq., 574 sqq.; Savio, // popo Vigilio (Rome, 1904).

J. P. KiRSCH.

Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi da, a theoretical and practical architect of the Transition Period between the Renaissance and Baroque styles; b. at Vignola in 1507; d. in 1573. He was the pupil and successor of Michelangelo. His two books, "Regole delle cinque ordini d'architettura" (1563) and the po.stbu- mous "Due regole della prospettiva pratica", had great influence for centuries. This is partly because he presents with skill the rigid sequence and the beautiful relation of parts in ancient architecture, and partly because his writings present a standard for work easily grasped by amateurs and persons of small ability. These writings place him in the same class with Serlio and Palladio. He built near the Piazza Navona a small palace in strict accordance with his own rules. The lowest story was embellished with Doric columns beneath a vigorous Doric frieze; the middle story with Ionic columns; while above the top story was a cornice with brackets, the whole forming a simple and graceful fa<,'ade. The most celebrated of his secular buildings was the Farncse castle at Viterbo, which shows the impressions made upon him during a visit to France: the exterior is a pentagonal fortress; within is a fine circular court in the Renaissance style. The first Jesuit church at Rome, the famous Gesfl, built by him, although itself restrained in manner, prepared the way for t he Baroque Btyle. Here Vignola connected the dome with a nave,

giving the latter such breadth and height, in contrast with the very narrow aisles, that the central space produces a preponderating effect, the aisles showing as mere rows of chapels. .Appropriately furnished and decorated, such a structure is well adapted to the services of the Church. The plan has been fre- quently repeated both in Jesuit and other churches. The porch of the Gesii was built by Giacomo della Porta; its uniting volutes between the stories and the ornamental ion around the door- way also became models for the succeeding period. Maderna was one of the first who, in the completion of St. Peter's, was strongly influenced by Vignola. From 1.564 Vignola car- ried on Michelangelo's work at St. Peter's and constructed the two subordinate domes according to Michelangelo's plans, yet with a successful independ- ence. Besides buildings erected at an earlier date at Bologna and Montepuleiano, mention should be made of his work in the Villa Giulio for Pope JuUus II, the Church of the Angels at Assisi, and lastly the much-admired little Church of Sant' Andrea at Rome on the Pontemolle road, a square structure with a cupola.

WiLUCH. Monographic (Strasburg, 1906). See also the well- known works of Vasari and Quatrem^re de Quincy.

G. GlETMANN.

Vigor, Simon, French bishop and controversiaHst, b. at Evreux, Normandy, about 1515; d. at Car- cassonne, 1 Nov., 1575. Son of Raynaud Vigor, a court physician, he went to Paris about 1520, where his studies included Greek, Hebrew, and Latin; later he devoted himself to theology. Admitted to the College of Navarre in 1540, in the same year he became rector of the University of Paris. In 1545 he became a doctor of theology and was appointed penitentiary of Evreux. Thenceforth he devoted himself to pastoral and controversial preaching with great success. He was called upon to speak at Rouen, Paris, Metz, and eLsewhere. When conferences took place at Saint-Germain near Paris (1562) between the Catholics and the Calvinists defended by Theodore Beza and others, Vigor was one of those chosen to defend the Catholic cause in the name of the Sor- bonne. In 1563 he was among the twelve theologians representing the Sorbonne at the Council of Trent, where he took part in the discussions on clandestine marriages and indulgences, and distinguished himself by his vast erudition. He was instrumental in cement- ing amicable relations between Cardinal Hosius of \\'arsaw, papal legate to the council, and Francisco Torres (Turrianus), and won the confidence of Cardi- nal de Lorraine whom he accompanied on his visit (Feb., 1563) to Ferdinand I at Innsbruck.

On his return to France Vigor became pastor of the Church of St. Paul-de-Paris, tlie royal parish, theolo- gian of the chapter of Notre-Dame, and court preacher. He persevered in his combat against the Protestants with an ardour which drew on him for some of his propositions (March, 1564) if not the censure, at least the displeasure, of the Sorbonne. He converted several of them, among others the