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and still more during the reign of Joseph II (1780- 90). Abbot Stefan Rautenstrauch of Braunau wrote a text-book on canon law, pervaded with the spirit of Febronius, that received the approval of the Govern- ment in 1776. The oath before receiving a degree, and in general everj'thing that had the appearance of an ecclesiastical celebration at the graduation exer- cises, was done away with in 178.5. Prince-Arch- bishop Count Migazzi protested repeatedly, although in vain, in 1786 against the university text-books which contained false statements and attacks upon the Church. The university sank to a training school for government officials, the students of theology included. This intellectual ser\'itude checked all scientific activity, and in the succeeding years brought the university into a condition of stagnation from which it could be rescued only by a fundamental reformation of the bureaucratic sj-stem.

Self-Governing University since 1S4S. — The first step towards self-government was taken (on 12 March, 1848) by a general assembly of the university, which petitioned Ferdinand I (1835-48) for freedom of teaching and study. On 20 March the newly- appointed minister of instruction, Freiherr von Somaruga, promised the .speedy granting of academic freedom, and at the same time announced a reform of the courses of study. The medical facultv, still the most important one, made proposals regarding the restoration of the old autonomy, such a-s the elect ion of rector and deans by the profes.sors. On 30 Sept., 1849, this was granted by the provisional law on the organization of academic authorities. A distinction was made in the faculties between the group of professors and that of the doctors or teachers below professors in rank, each electing a dean. On 13 Oct., 1849, the "general ordinances concerning the system of studies at the royal and imperial universities", with exception of the theological .studies, was issued; on 1 Oct., 18.50, "the general regulations for studies". On 9 Jan., 186.5, the year of the celebration of the fifth centenary of the existence of the university, fifty- eight professors presented to the minister of instruc- tion, von Schmerhng, a memorial which denounced the exclusively Catholic character of the universitj' as no longer just. Pursuant to the law of 28 April, 1873, on the organization of academic administration, the attainment of an academic dignity is now inde- pendent of the candidate's faith. The Cathohc character of the university is at present limited to the theological faculty, for the "Protestant theological institute" that was raised to a faculty in 18.50 is not a part of the university. On 11 Oct., 1884, the new university building on the Franzen-Ring was dedi- cated in the presence of Emperor Francis Joseph. In 18.57 the "new university-house", built in 1756, was given to the academy of sciences. New statutes for the regulation of the examinations for the doctorate in the three secular faculties were issued on 15 April, 1872. The course of study in the medical school requires five years, in the other faculties four years are necessary.

The reform of the theological faculty indicated a complete break with the Febronian-Josephinist sys- tem. There was a meeting of the bishops at the invi- tation of the Government on 30 April, 1849; the a.ssembly made the demand that the competent bishop .should have influence over the appointment of profes.sors, that he should appoint half of the hoard of examiners, and that all should be obliged before appointment to make the Trident ine Confession of Faith. This request was granted on 30 June, 1850. The plan of .study approved by the Government on 29 March, 1858, and still in use, was worked out by Prince-,\rchbi.'<hop Rau.sc.her. The present statutes governing the ex.amination for the doctorate were i&sued on 16 Jan., 1894. In respect to the ceremony of conferring degrees it was ordained on 19 May, 1880,

that the protector or the dean of the faculty of which the rector was a member should be the presiding oflicer in case the rector was not a Catholic.

On 18 Oct., 1849, temporary statutes were issued regulating the study of law and political economy; on 2 Oct., 1855, these ordinances were revised, and on

20 April, 1893, the present statutes respecting studies and examinations for the doctorate were promulgated. The original freedom of study was limited in so far that students must pass three state examinations at fixed times. The medical faculty, which even before 1848 had had a high reputation, gained a world-wide renown both by the calling of foreigners to professorships, as Ernst Briicke (1849- 92), JohannOppolzer (1850-71). and Thcodor Bilh-oth (186.5-94), and others, and by the work of native investigators, as Karl Rokitanskv (1844-78), Joseph H\Ttl (184.5-74), Joseph Skoda "(1846-81), and Fer- dinand Hebra (1849-80). The statutes of 1872, respecting examinations for the doctorate, those con- cerning the organization of the medical instruc- tion (IJune, 1872) and of the practical tests in the examination for the medical degree (24 Oct., 1872), put an end to the institute for partially trained medical men (surgeons) and instead only permitted the gaining of "the doctorate of the entire science of medicine" (medicina; universw doctor), with which the right to practise medicine is united. On

21 Dec, 1899, a new series of statutes suited to modern needs was issued in regard to the examinations for the doctorate. In the philosophical faculty the former two years' preparatory course was transferred to the gj-mnasium (18 May, 1845) ; the departments of natural science (chemistry, natural history) were taken over from the medical faculty on 16 Nov., 1849. Besides increasing the number of professorial chairs, seminars and institutes for scientific research and for the training of teachers of the intermediate schools were established. Among the distinguished scholars of this faculty should be mentioned: in physics. Chris- tian Doppler (1S50-.53); in astronomy, Karl von Littrow (1842-77); in photographic optics, Josef Max Petzval (1837-77); in the history of art, Rudolf von Eitelberger (18.52-85); in classical philologv, Hermann Bonitz (1849-67).

University Statistics (on 1 October, 1911). — The- ology: 8 regidar and 2 auxihary professors, 4 Privat- dozenten; law: 17 regular and 13 auxiliary professors, 41 Frii'ofrfo^erifere; medicine: 24 regular and 22 auxiliary professors, 197 Privatdozenten; philosophy: 54 regu- lar and 25 auxiliary professors, 95 Privatdozenten, 25 lecturers and teachers. In the winter of 1910-11 the total number of students was 9922. Of this number 241 studied theology, 39.56 law, 2491 medi- cine, 3234 philo.sophy; in the summer of 1911 the student-body numbered 8457; 226 of its members studied theology, 3467 law, 20.53 medicine, 2711 philosophy. In the university year of 1911-12 the doctorate was granted to 921 students, of whom 27 had studied theology, 447 law, 231 medicine, and 216 philosophy. Total amount of endowments 4,539,600 Kronen. The university and its institutes is sup- ported by the tre.a.'jurv of the State.

KlXK. Ge^rh. drr i;msfrlirhfn VniveriiiUtt in Wien (Vionna, 1854); AscHBACH, Genrh. der wienrr UniversiMI im II. Jnhrhunde (3 vols., Vionn.q. l.S(i.5-SS). Supplt-menl to third vol. bv Habtl and ScHRAtTF (Vienna, 1898): dfsrh. der wimir Uniterniial ISiS- 1898 (Vienna. 1898); Wappler. Gftch. drr Ihfolooitchcn Fakul- UU (Vienna. 1884); Schhauf. Ada Jacullatit medicm (.3 vols., Vienna, 1894-1904). covers the years l.'!99- 1.5.58; Senfelder, Acta facrdtalia mediciT. ISoS-IJli (.l vols., Vienna. I90S-1912), a continuation of the preceding work. A complete bibliography is given in Erman* and Horn, Bihliographxe der deutschen Vnitern- laien, II (Lcipjig, 1904-5). 1051-95.

Leopold Senfelder.

Vienne, Ancient See op. See Grenoble, Diocese of.

Vienne, Council of (1311-12). — Pope Clement V, by the Bull "Regnans in coelis" of 12 Aug., 1308,