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was followed by Sigmund Anthony Count von Hohen- wart (1803-20), who had been a tutor of the Emperor Francis II, and was distinguished for charity and his care for the training of the clergy; Leopold Maximilian Firmian (1820-31), formerl}' administrator of Salz- burg; Eduard Milde (1831-53), the celebrated peda- gogue; Cardinal Othmar Rauscher (1851-75), a noted statesman and orator. Rauscher's successors were also raised to the cardinalate: John Rudolph Kutschker (1876-81), a distinguished scholar in canon law; Colestin Joseph Ganglbauer (1881-89), noted for his kindness and benevolence, who was formerly abbot of the Benedictine Abbey of Krems- miinster; Anthony Joseph Gruscha (1890-1911), who like his predecessor did much to relieve the lack of churches; Gruscha also deserves gi'eat praise for his labours in regard to Catholic associational life in Vienna, especially in respect to the Catholic Gesel- lenverein, which he and Kolping founded in Austria. He was the president of its central association for Austria-Hungary while stiU archbishop. The present archbishop is Francis Xavier Nagl, b. at Vienna 26 November, 1855, rector of the German national church, Santa Maria dell'Anima at Rome in 1889, Bishop of Capo D'Istria in 1899, coadjutor at Vienna with the right of succession in 1910, Prince Arch- bishop of Vienna 5 August, 1911, made cardinal 27 November, 1911.

(2) Statistics. — The Archdiocese of Vienna forms with the suffragan dioceses of Linz and St. Polten the ecclesiastical Province of Vienna. Tlie archdiocese includes the eastern part of the Archduchy of Austria below the Enns, namely the two former administrative departments of the "District under the Wienerwald" and the "District under the Mannhartsberg". At the beginning of 1912 it included 4 city deaneries in Vienna and 25 rural deaneries, 526 parishes, 4 vica- riates, 54 benefices, 20 positions for assistant priests,

1 prince archbishop, 2 coadjutor bishops, 903 secular priests, 640 regular priests (these figures include resi- dent priests who do not belong to the diocese); 2,564,- 240 Catholics. The cathedral chapter consists of

2 auxiliary bishops, 1 cathedral provost, 1 cathedral dean, 1 custos, 1 cantor, 1 scholasticus, 10 canons, 12 honorary canons. The institutions for the training of the priesthood are the Catholic theological faculty of the University of Vienna with 14 professors and (1911) 237 students; the clerical seminary under the direction of the prince-archbishop with li2 students; the seminary for boys with 240 pupils; and the theo- logical schools conducted by the orders in their mon- asteries: the school of the Augustinian Canons at Klosterneuburg, of the Mechitarists at Vienna, of the Cistercians at Heiligcnkreuz, of the Society of the Divine Word at Maria-Enzersdorf. For the priests of other dioceses there are the higher institute of St. Augustine for secular priests, intended for priests from all the dioceses of Austria, and the Pazmanian college for the dioceses of Hungarj- that was founded in 1623 by Cardinal Pdzamdny. The public higher and middle schools of Austria are established on an inter-denominational basis. The CathoUcs of the diocese, however, have a large number of private schools and institutions of learning which are gener- ally conducted by members of religious orders and are largely intended for the education of girls. Among the schools for boys should be mentioned: the Jesuit gymnasium at Kalkburg, the gymn;i.siums of the Benedictines and Mechitarists in Vienna, the boarding schools for seminarians of the Piarists, Redemptorists, the Pious Workers, and of the School Brothers. The ancient monasteries for men which still exist in the archdiocese are: the Abbey of Klosterneuburg of the Reformed Lateran Augustinian Canons, founded in 1 106 by Margrave St. Leopold, which has 96 members; the Benedictine Schottenkloster at Vienna, founded in 1158 by Henry Jasomirgott, which has a gymna-

sium with 77 members; the Cistercian Abbey of Heil- igenkreuz-Neukloster with a high-school for boys preparing for the priesthood, with 63 members; it was also founded by St. Leopold (1135).

Other orders and congregations are: Mechitarist,

1 monaster^' at Vienna with 45 members; Dominican,

2 monasteries, with 29 members; Minorite, 3 houses, 24 fathers; Franciscan, 3 houses, with 42 members; Capuchin, 2 houses, with 18 members; Calced Car- mehfes, in Vienna, with 5 members; Discalccd Car- mehtes, 1 house, 19 members; Servites, 2 houses, with 14 members; Brothers of Mercy, 2 houses, with 45 members; Trinitarians in Vienna, ^\ith 9 members; Barnabites, 4 houses, with 19 members; Jesuits, .5 houses, with 144 members; CamiUans, 1 monastery, 13 members; Piarists, 3 houses, 16 fathers; Lazarists,

3 houses, 87 members; Redemptorists, 3 monasteries, 103 members; Resurrectionists, 1 house, 7 members; Salesians of Don Bosco, 1 house, 12 members; Broth- ers of Mary, 2 houses, 25 members; Oblates of St. Francis of Sales, 2 houses, 12 members; Salvatorians, 2 houses, 31 members; the Society of the Divine Word, 3 houses, 357 members; of the Christian Schools, 9 houses, 304 members; Pious Workers, 5 houses, 94 members; total, 66 monasteries, 640 priests, 229 clerics, .508 brothers, 342 novices and candidates. The 30 female orders and congregations represented in the archdiocese had, at the close of 1911, 252 houses and 5180 members. The most important, reckoned by the number of members, are: Daughters of the Divine Saviour, 918; Sisters of Mercy of St. Vincent. de Paul, 492; Sisters of Mercy of the Third Order of St. Francis, 478; Sisters of the Poor Child Jesus, 379; Daughters of Christian Love of St. Vincent de Paul, 374; Daughters of Dh-ine Love, 274; Sisters of Mercy of the Holy Cross, 223; School Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis, 211; Nuns of the Holy Heart of Jesus, 120; Poor School Sisters of Notre Dame, 114; LTrsuline Nuns, 109; there are also Nuns of the Good Shepherd, Sisters of St. Ehzabeth, Salesian Nuns, Carmehte Nuns, Sisters of St. Charles Borromeo, Missionaries of ISIary, Sisters of the Perpetual Adora- tion; Daughters of the Childhood of Jesus and Mary; Sisters of the Mother of Sorrows, etc. Most of the female orders devote themselves to the care of the sick in and outside of hospitals, or take chai-ge of primary and middle schools and schools for girls, of homes for children, asylums, institutions, etc. Of late years Catholic associational hfe has developed greatly. Among the most important societies are: the Cathohc School Union for Austria, the Society for the training of Cathohc Teachers, the Austrian Leo Society for the promotion of Christian learning, hterature, and art; there are also societies for jour- neymen, for men, workmen, youths, the St. Vincent de Paul Societies, etc. Outside of Vienna the most important churches are the old cathedral at Wiener- Neustadt, the church of St. Othmar at Modling, the monastery churches at Klosterneuburg and Heiligen- kreuz.

The more ancient sources are indicated in Deutsche Geschichts- btailer. XI. XII (Cotlia. 1909-11). Important worlis are: Iii/uhi I - >, ., 1716); ScHlER. Die Bischofe und

Er:f'i. 1777); V. Geusac, GesMchte da-

llauy- I II (2nd od., 3 vols., 1792-93): v.

Ht>nM\^i;. il ' ir^fc urtti Dt*nfcuTirrfifffce»/fn (9 vela.,

Vienna, lS:^:i-L'.'Jl ; Waackn, Die vornehmslen Kun&tdenkmdter von Wien (2 vols., Vienna, 1866-67); Geschichtsquellen der SUuU Wien, ed. Kabl Weiss (3 vols., Vienna, 1877-1904); Wei88, GeschicUe der SladlWien (2nd ed.. 2 vols., Vienna. 1882-85); Die dslrrreichisch-ungarifche Monarchie in Wort ttnd Bild, I (Vienna, 1886); Zapf, Wirlschaflsaeschichle Wiens (Vienna, ISSS); Rrees- ten zur Geschichte der Brzdiiizese Wien, cd. Kopai.uk (2 vols., Vienna, 1891-94); Pesch, Die Wohliaiigkeilsanslallen ron Wien (Vienna, ISOl) ; Gvoua, Geschichle der Sladl Wien (Vienna, 1891): ZscHOKKE, Geschichte des Metropolilankapitets zum hi Slephan in Wien (Vienna, 1893); Umlatift, Namenbuch von Wien (Vienna, 1S9.5, 1905); Geaehichle der S(adt Wien, herausgegeben vom

Allertumsverein in Wien (6 vols., Vienna, 1897 ), chief work on

the subject, unfinished; Bkrman, AU- und \eu-Wien (2nd ed., Vienna, 1903-4); Levetus. Imperial Vienna: an account o/ itt history, traditions and arts (New York and London. 1905); D%9