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 VICTOR

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VICTORIA

of the most powerful Roman families (Counts of Tusculum), had been cardinal since 1138, and was very popular on account of his liberality, accessibiUty, and splendour of hving. He was considered a great friend of the Germans, and rested his hopes on the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. Yet it is not to be assumed that the emperor had desired his election; Rolando was certainly not agreeable to him, yet neither was it to his interest to have an antipope. As a matter of fact the emperor was at first neutral and called upon the bishops not to take sides; the decision, the emperor said, should be reserved for the action of the Church. As the chief protector of the Church, therefore, he convoked a synod at Pavia (February, 1160). It decided, as was to be expected, for Victor, and pronounced an anathema upon Alexander, while Alexander on his side excommunicated the emperor. The attempt to secure Victor's recognition was never completely successful in Germany, where Bishop Eberhard of Salzburg was his principal opponent. France and England sided with Alexander; Spain, Hungary, Ireland, and Norway followed their ex- ample. King Louis VII of France wavered, indeed, once more in 1162, but the disastrous meeting with the emperor at Saint-Jean-de-Losne had as its result that the king held firmly to the obedience of Alexander. During the years 1162-65 Alexander lived in France, and from 1163 the pope exerted himself to gain more of Germany for his cause. All uncertainty came to an end at the death of Victor IV. His successor was Paschal III.

Japf£, Regesta pontificum Romanorum (2nd ed., Leipzig. 1885- 1886), I, 919; II, 418-26; Langen. Geschichle der romischen Kirche von GregoT VII. bis Innocem III. (Bonn. 1893), 439-76; Hauck, Kirchmgeschichle Deulschlands, IV (Leipzig, 1902), 156, 225-58; Hehoenbother, Handbuch der allgemeinen Kirchengeschichte, ed. KiRSCH, II (4th ed., Freiburg, 1904). 454-57.

Klemens Loffler.

Victor, Bishop of Tunnunum (Tonnenna, Tun- nuna) in Northern Africa and zealous supporter of the Three Chapters; d. about 569, probably in confine- ment at a mona.stery in Constantinople. On account of his fanatical adherence to the Three Chapters, which had been condemned by an edict of Justinian I in 544, he was first imprisoned in the monastery of Mandrakion, then exiled to the Balearic Islands on the Mediterranean Sea, and finally to Egypt. In 564 he was summoned before the emperor and the Patriarch of Constantinople, with five other African bishops, and ordered to submit to the emperor's edict. AH of them remained obstinate and were imprisoned in dif- ferent monasteries of Constantinople. Victor is the author of a celebrated chronicle from the creation of the world to the end of the year 566. Only that part of the chronicles which extends from 444 to 566 is extant. It is of great historical value, dealing chiefly with the Eutychian heresy, the controversy about the Three Chapters, and giving some details concerning the Arians and the invasion of the Vandals. It was first edited by Canisius in 1600, is reprinted in Migne, P. L., LXVIII, 941-62, and was newly edited by Mommsen in "Mon. Germ. Hist. Auct. Antiq.", XI (Berlin, 1894), 178-206. The chronicle was con- tinued to ,590 by Joannes Gothus, founder of the Abbey of Biclar in Sjxiin (Migne, P. L., LXXII, 8.59-70 and Mommsen, loc. cit., 211-20). Victor is prob;\bly also the author of "De Pocnitentia", a treatise formerly attributed to St. Ambrose and printed in Migne, P. L., XVII, 971-1005.

Papencordt, Oeschichte der Vandalischen Uerrschafi in Afrika (Berlin, 1837). 359-65; Holder Eoqer, Victor von Timnuna in Neuc.^ Archiv filT dllere deulsche Geschichts/orschung, I (Berlin, 1876), 298 sq.; Leclehco, L'A/rique Chrttiennc. II (Paris, 1904), 271-72; Stokeb in Diet. Christ. Biog., IV, 1126.

Michael Ott.

Victor, Canons Regclar op Saint. See Canons AND Canonesses Re(!oi.ar; Saint-Victor, Ab-

IlKY OK.

Victor Emmanuel. See Italy; Piedmont.

Victoria, Diocese of (Victorien. in ins. Van- couver), in southwestern British Columbia, of which province it is the capital, was known until recently, first, as the Diocese, and later, as the Archdiocese of Vancouver. It is the mother-diocese of British Colum- bia, for at its estabhslmient in 1847 it comprised the mainland of this province and all the coast islands, in- cluding the Queen Charlotte group. In 1863 the mainland became an ApostoUc vicariate, and was afterwards erected into the Diocese of New West- minster, at which time the Diocese of Vancouver was restricted to Vancouver Island and adjacent islands. Alaska, after its cession to the United States in 1867, was attached to this see, and remained so untU 1894 when it became a prefecture Apostolic (see Alaska). In 1904 the title was changed to that of the archdiocese, and in 1909 to that of the Diocese of Victoria, the Archdiocese of Vancouver being then transferred to Vancouver City, B. C.

As early as 1778 Franciscan missionaries reached Nootka on the west coast of the island. Later, a sprinkling of settlers established themselves in the southern part, in what was known as Fort Camosun, a name afterwards changed to Victoria, in honour of the reigning Queen of England. In 1843 Father Bolduc volunteered to minister to the spiritual neces- sities of these pioneers. In 1847 Rev. Modeste Demers (q. v.), a missionary of Oregon, was called to take charge of the newly created See of Vancouver. He had already acquired personal knowledge and experience regarding the territory known as British Columbia, and, before taking possession of his see, he went to Europe to seciu-e priests and means for his needy diocese. Father, afterwards Bishop, Lootens was one of the generous volunteers. With characteristic energy, foresight, and wisdom, Bishop Demers soon organized the district assigned him. To aid him, he brought the Sisters of St. Ann in 1858, and, the following year, the Oblates of Mary Immacu- late. The latter were given charge of the natives of the entire diocese, and established themselves with headquarters at Esqiiimalt ; they remained until 1864. The former, devoted both to education and the care of the sick, are still actively engaged in various parts of the diocese, and have two institutions in Vic- toria, St. Ann's Academy for girls and St. Joseph's Hospital.

Before the death of Bishop Demers in 1871, he appointed as his administrator, the Reverend C. J. Seghers, (q. v.), who two years later became bishop. The apostolic zeal of his saintly predecessor marked his six years' tenure of office, when Bulls from Rome appointed him coadjutor to Archbishop Blan- chet of Oregon, with right of .succession, and the Rev. J. B. Brondel succeeded him in Victoria. Five years later, the latter \yas transferred to Helena, Montana, and Ai'chbishop Seghers, at his own sug- gestion, was reappointed to the vacant see of Van- couver. Right Rev. J. N. Lemmens (b. in Schim- mert, Holland, in 18.50) was ordained at the American College of Louvain, Belgium, in 1S75, and came the fohowing year to Victoria. In 1884, he w'as sent to represent "the diocese at the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore. After the tragic death of .\rehbishop Seghers, Father Lemmens was consecrated Bishop of Vancouver, in 188S. .\ Listing monument to his ener- getic cfTorts is the Gothic cathedral, which was com- plcl<'(l in 1S92. He died in IS'.IT in Guatemala, Central America, where he was spending sonic months for the double purpose of solii'iiing cnniributions towivrds the payment of the c:ithcdraldclit, and of :iiding the exiled .'\rchl)ishop of Gu:itcniala by administering confir- mation throughout the diocese. His successor. Right Hiv. .Mcxandcr Clnislie, took jwssession of his see in 1898, anil (he following year was promoted to th9