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 VERONESE

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VERONICA

cathedral school. Joannes (1027) was distinguished for sanctity and learning. Bruno (1073), who wrote some interpretations of Scripture, was killed by one of his chaplains.

In the time of Bishop Ognibene (1157), a distin- guished canonist, Pope Lucius III died at Verona, in 1183, after meeting Barbarossa and holding a synod there. There, too, was held the conclave which elected Urban III, who spent nearly all of his brief pontificate at Verona. Bishops Jacopo da Breganze (122.5) and Gerardo Cossadocca (1254) were exiled by the tyrant Ezzelino. Manfredo Roberti (1259) suffered insult and imprisonment at the hands of the Ghibellines. Bonincontro (1295) died in the odour of sanctity. Bartolommeo deUa Scala (13.36), a Bene- dictine, was calumniated to his nephew Mastino, Lord of Verona, who slew him with his own hand, and among the penalties for this crime inflicted by Bene- dict XII was the revocation of the privilege of nomi- nating bishops. Pietro della Scala reformed the lives of the clergy and vainly endeavoured to bring the canons under his own jurisdiction instead of that of the Patriarch of Aquileia. When the Visconti obtained possession of Verona, Pietro was banished. Fran- cesco Condulmer (1439) founded the college of aco- lytes to add to the beauty of pubhc worship and to form a learned and pious clergy; the school still exists. This institution was rendered necessary because, with the establishment of the L^niversity of Verona, the cathedral school had been suppressed, and the young clerics who attended the university were at that time dispensed from officiating in church functions: the acolytes of the new college were obliged both to study and to attend ecclesiastical functions. Ermo- lao Barbaro also did much for the reform of the dio- cese. Cardinal Giovanni Michele (1471) was a munificent restorer of the cathedral and the episcopal palace, as also was Cardinal Marco Cornaro (1502). For Gian Matteo Giberti (1524) and Pietro and Luigi Lippomano (1544, 1548) see articles under their respective names. Agostino VaUer (1565) was a cardinal. Sebastiano Pisani (1650) was a zealous pastor. Giovanni Bragadino (1733) was a mirror of all the virtues; in his episcopate the Patriarchate of Aquileia was suppressed, and Benedict XIV brought the chapter under the bishop's jurisdiction, at the same time laying dowTi wise rules for the government of the diocese. Giovanni Andrea Avogadro (1790) abdicated the see to return to the Society of Jesus. Benedetto de Riccabona (1854), a Tyrolese, was a model pastor. The present bishop is Bartolommeo Cardinal Bacilieri (1900). Councils of Verona worthy of note are those of 1184, at which the pope presided, and 1276, against the Patarenes who were somewhat numerous in the Veronese territory, even among the clergy.

At Verona is the mother-house of the Sons of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and their college for the Central African missions. The Congregation of the Stim- matini was also founded at Verona. Natives of this city were the architects Fra Giocondo, a Dominican, and Sanmichele; the painter Paolo Caliari (known also as Paolo Veronese), Falconet to. Liberal!, Fran- cesco and Girolamo dai Libri, Brusasorci, and others; among men of learning, Guarino, Lipomanno, Maffei, BiancTiini, and others. The diocese was suffragan of Aquileia, then of Udine; since 1818 it has been suffragan of Venice. It has 262 parishes with 400,500 faithful; 7.80 secular priests; 132 regular priests; 17 houses of male religious; 45 of Sisters; 4 colleges for boys; 7 for girls. The Catholic Press consists of "Verona Fedele" (a daily paper), three weeklies, and the monthly "La Nigrizia.

Cappelletti, Le chiese d'ltalia, X; Maffei. Verona lUustTota (Verona. 1731; Milan, 1825); Biancouni. Serie cronologica dei Vescovi e governatori di Verona (Vnrona, 17fi0) ; Zagata, Cronica di Verona (3 vols., Verona, 1745-49) ; Fainelli, PodcsIA e ufficiali di Verona dal ISOB al 1406 (Verona, 1909) ; Biermann, Vennta (Leip-

zig. 1904) : Spagnolo, Le Scuole accoUlali di Verona (Verona, 1905) ; CiPOLLA. Compendio delta sloria potitica diVerona (Verona, 1900); BoLOGNlNl. L' Universita di Verona (Verona. 1896).

U. Benigni.

Veronese, Paolo. See Caliari, Paola.

Veronica, Saint. — In several regions of Christen- dom there is honoured under this name a pious matron of Jerusalem who, during the Passion of Christ, as one of the holy women who accompanied Him to Calvary, offered Him a towel on which he left the imprint of His face. She went to Rome, bringing with her this image

House of St. Veronica, in the Via Dolorosa. Jerusalem

of Christ, which was long exposed to public venera- tion. To her likewise are traced other relics of the Blessed Virgin venerated in several churches in the West. The belief in the existence of authentic images of Christ is connected with the old legend of Abgar of Edessa and the ajjocrj-phal wTiting known as the "Mors Pilati". To distinguish at Rome the oldest and best knowai of these images it was called I'cra icon (true image), which ordinary language soon made vero7iica. It is thus designated in several medieval texts mentioned by the BoUandists (e. g. an old Mis- sal of Augsburg has a Mass "De S. Veronica seu Vul- tus Domini"), and Matthew of Westminster speaks of the imprint of the image of the Saviour which is called Veronica: "Effigies Dominici vultus quae Veronica nuncupatur". By degi'ees popular imagination mis- took this word for the name of a person and attached thereto several legends which vary according to the country. In Italy Veronica comes to Rome at the summons of the Emperor Tiberius, whom she cures by making him touch the sacred image. She thence- forth remains in the capital of the empire, living there at the same time as Sts. Peter and Paul, and at her death bequeaths the precious image to Pope Clement and his successors. In France she is given in marriage to Zacheus, the convert of the Gospel, accomjianies him to Rome, and then to Quiercy, where her husband becomes a hermit, under the name of Amadour, in the region now called Rocamadour. Meanwhile, Ve- ronica joins Martial, whom she assists in his apostolic preaching. In the region of Bordeaux ^■eronica, shortly after the .Vscension of Christ, lands at Soulac at the mouth of the (iiroiule, bringing relics of the Blessed Virgin; there she preaches, dies, and is buried in the tomb which was long venerated either at Soulac