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 TRAJANOPOLIS

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TRANI

and Pontus. In this territory he found many Chris- tians and requested instructions from Trajan (Ep. 96). In his reply (Ep. 97) Trajan considers the con- fession of Christianity as a crime worthy of death, but forbids a systematic search for Christians and the acceptance of anonymous denun- ciations. Whoever shows by sacrific- ing to the gods that he is not a Chris- tian is to be re- leased. Where the adherence to Chris- tianity is proved the punishment of death is to follow. The action he pre- scribed rests on the coercive power of the police, the right of repression of the magistracy, which required no settled form of procedure. In pur- suance of these orders measures

Antique Bust of Trajan Vatican Museum

were taken against Christians in other places also. The most distinguished martyrs under Trajan were Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch, and Simeon, Bishop of Jerusalem. Legend names many others, but there was no actual persecution on a large scale and the position of the Christians was in general satisfactory.

MeRitale. Hisl. of the Romans under the Empire (London. 1850-62), Ixiii, Ixiv; Schiller. Gesch. der romischen Kaiserzeit, I (Gotha, 18S3), 543-94; Domaszewski. Gesch. der romischen Kaiser. II (Leipzig, 1909), 171-86; La Bebge, Essai sur te regne de Trajan (Paris. 1877) ; Ramsat, The Church in the Roman Em- pire (London, 1893) ; Arnold, Studien zur Gesch. der pliniamschen Christemerfolgung (Konigsberg, 1SS7).

Klemens Loffler.

Trajanopolis, titular metropolitan see of Rho- dope. The city owes its foundation or restoration to Trajan. Le Quien (Oriens Christ., I, 1193-96) men- tions a great many of its bishops: Theodulus, perse- cuted by the Arians in the fourth century; Syncle- tius, the friend of St. John Chrj-sostom; Peter, present at the Council of Ephesus in 431; Basilius at that of Chalcedon in 451; Abundantius in 521; Eleusius in 553; Cudumenes about 1270; Germanus in 1352. In 1564 Gabriel is called Metropolitan of Trajanopolis, that is of Maronia, which proves that Trajanopolis was then destroyed and that the title of metropolitan had passed to the neighbouring city of Maronia. About 640 Trajanopolis had two suffragan sees (Gel- zer, ''Ungedruckte . . . Texte der Notitia; episco- patuum ", 542) ; at the beginning of the tenth century, seven (Gelzer, op. cit., 558). St. Glyceria, a martyr of the second century, venerated on 13 May, was born there. The town is mentioned by Villehardouin (ed. Wailly, 382, 568) ; it was captured and pillaged in 1206 by joannitza. King of the Bulgarians (George Acropolita, "Hist.", XIII). It is still mentioned in Nicephoras (Anecdota of Boissonnade, V, 279), in John Cantacuzenus (Hist., I, 38; II, 13; III, 67), in George Pachvmeres (ad ann. 1276, V, 6), etc. The site of Trajanopolis was discovered by Viquesnel and Dumont on the right bank near the mouth of the Maritza, not far from Ouroumdjik.

Viquesnel. Voyage dans la Turquie d'Europe: description phys. et qlolog. de la Thrace. II. 297; Dumont, Arch, dea missions scieniif.. Ill (Paris. 1876), 174; MOller. Ptolemai geographia, I, 487; S.MITH, Did. of Greek and Roman Geog., s. v. g VaILH^

Trajanopolis, a titular see of Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan of Laodicea. The only geographer who speaks of Trajanopolis is Ptolemy (V, 2, 14, 15), who wrongly places this city in Greater Mysia. It was

founded about 109 by the GrimenothjTita?, who ob- tained permission from Hadrian to give the place the name of his predecessor. It had its own coins. Hierocles (Synecdemus, 668, 15) calls it Tranopohs, and this abridged form is found, with one e.xception, in the "Notitia; episcopatuum", which speak of the see up to the thirteenth century among the suf- fragans of Laodicea. Le Quien (Oriens Christianus, I, 803) names seven bishops of Trajanopolis: John, present at the Council of Constantinople under the Patriai'ch Gennadius, 459; John, at the Council of Constantinople under Menas, 536; Asignius, at the Council of Constant inople, 553 ; Tiberius, at the Coun- cil in Trullo, 692; PhiUp, at Nice, 787; Eustathius, at Constantinople, 879. Another, doubtless more an- cient than the preceding, Demetrius, is known from one inscription (C. I. G., 9265). TrajanopoHs has been variously identified; the latest identification is Radet ("En Phrygie", Paris, 1895), who locates it at Tcharik Keui, about three miles from Ghiaour Euren towards the south-east, on the road from Oushak to Sousouz Keui, vilayet of Brusa, a village abounding in sculptures, marbles, and fountains, and where the name of the city may be read on the inscriptions. However, Ramsay (Asia Minor, 149; Cities and Bish- oprics of Phrygia, 595) continues to identify Tra- janopolis with Ghiaour Euren. g P^trid^s.

Tralles, a titular see, suffragan of Ephesus in Asia Minor. It was founded, it is said, by the Argians and Thracians, and is situated on one of the slopes of Mount INIessogis in the valley of the Meander; it was one of the most populous and richest cities of Lydia. King Attains had a splendid palace there. The local god was Zeus Larasios, but Apollo Pythius and other divinities were also worshipped.

Tralles was destroyed by an earthquake but was re- built by Augustus and took the name of Caesarea. Chris- tianity was introduced at a very early date. In his famous letter to the Church at Tralles, St. Ignatius o.' Antioch says that their bishop, Polybius, visited him at Smyrna, and he puts them on their guard against Docetism (q. v.). We see by this letter that the Church there was aheady well organized. Among its bishops were: Heracleon, in 431; Maximus, in 451; Uranius, in 553; MjTon, in 692; Theophylactus, in 787; Theophanes and Theopistus, in the ninth cen- tury; John, in 1230 (Re\-ue des etudes grecques, Vli, SO). In 640 ("Ecthesis Pseudo-Epiphanii"; Gelzer, " Ungedriickte. . . . Texte der notitiae epis- copatuum", 537) Tralles appears as suffragan of Sardes in Lydia, and we know, despite Le Quien (Oriens christ., I, 697), that it was such in 553. To- wards 1270 Andronicus, son of Michael VHI Palseo- logus, rebuilt and repeopled the city; it then numbered 36,000 inhabitants, but it was not long before it was retaken and demohshed bv the Turks (Pachymeres, "De Michaele Pateologo", \T, 20 and 21, in P. G., CXLIII, 929-34). The Emir Aidin then gave it the name which it still bears, Ajidin Guzel-Hissar; it is a sanjak of the vilavet of Smvrna, numbering 40,000 inhabitants, of whom 28,000 are Mussulmans, 10,000 Greek Schismatics, and the remainder Jews or Ar- menians. There are 120 Cathohcs. The Mechi- tarists of Vienna and the Sisters of St. Vincent de Paul have two schools there. Tralles was the birth- place of .\nthemius, the architect of St. Sophia of Constantinople.

Le Quien, Oriens christianus, I (1740). 69.V-8; Texieb, Ane Mineure (Paris, 1862). 279-Sl: Rayet, Milel el le golfe latmigue (Paris. 1877). 33-116: Ledas-Waddinoton, Asie Mineure. 597- 616, 1651: Chapot. Ln prontire romaine proconsulaire d-Ane (Paris, 1904), passim; Cuinet, La Turquie d Aste. Ill (Pans, 1892), 591-9; Pappaconstantinou, Tralles (Athens, 1895), in Greek. g. Vailh6.

Trani and Barletta, Diocese of (Tranen. et Bar- olen.),in Italy. The city of Trani is situated on the Adriatic in a fertile plain, producing cereals, wine, and