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over the barracks of the gendarmes. The old transit instrument is mounteil on a vault over the main walls of the new residence. After the material restoration of the observatory, the main problems were a library and the measuring of the astrographic plates. The rich meteorological library was consigned to the Pontifical Academy Lincei, and the old meteorological and seismic instruments were mainly sent to the ob- servatory in Valle di Ponipei. An astronomical library is now filling two rooms of the new residence; old treasures were secured to it by the loan of the scientific collection from the Vatican Library, the latter confining itself to historical and literary branches. The astrographic plates are being meas- ured with two new Repsold machines, which are placed in a neighbouring convent, in charge of three Sisters. For nearly four years the director enjoyed the co-operation of Father Stein, S.J., by which it was possible to publish the first three numbers of the new series, besides minor essays, and the last two series of the atlas of variable stars. At the reunion of the Astrographic Congress at Paris in 1909, P. Lais pre- sented thirty charts reproduced by himself on silver- bromide paper.

Denza, La Xitova Specola Valicana in Atti, Acad. Pont. N. Lincei XLIII (1.S89); Zahm. The Obsermlory of the Vatican in The Cosmopolitan (1895). well illustrated but not exact in all details; Stein, Restauri delta Specola Vaticana in Rivista di Pisica etc., IX (Pavia, 1908): Haqen, Vaticanische Slernwarte in V. J. S. Astron. Ges., XLV (1910); Maffi. Specula Vaticana. Inaugurazione (Rome. 1910): Parr, The Vatican Observatory of To-day ia Knowledge (^1911), correct, except the additions by the editors.

J. G. Hagen.

Vaudreuil, Philippe de Rigafd, Marquis de, Governor of Canada, b. in Languedoc, France, in the first half of the seventeenth century, of Louis R. de Vaudreuil and Marie de Chateau- Verdun; d. at Quebec, 10 October, 172.5. In the king's musketeers, in which he served (1659-76), he ranked as brigadier and finally as colonel. He went to Canada (1687) in command of a marine detachment. After the massacre of Lachine he prevented the Iroquois from assaihng Montreal (1689). In 1690 he shared in the defence of Quebec against Phips. In 1698 he received the Cross of St. Louis, and replaced, as Governor of Montreal, Callieres, who was promoted Governor-Gen- eral of Canada. In 1702 the fief still bearing his name was given him. He again succeeded Callieres (1703), his prudence and experience fitting him to govern the colony at that trying period. He was loved by the people and feared by the Indians with whom he strove to strengthen an alliance, while the English colonies sought to shake their fidelity. He adopted one of the captives of the Abenaki raids, Esther WheelwTight, who entered the Ursuline cloister in Quebec, and was later appointed first superior after the conquest. In 1710 he fortified Quebec against the threatened attack of Admiral Walker, whose fleet was shipwTccked off Egg Lsland (1711). Peace being restored, Vaudreuil encouraged agriculture, commerce, and education. The country was divided into 82 parishes, Montreal was fortified by a wall, and a census taken, giving an entire population of 2.5,000 souls, of which 7000 were in Quebec and 3000 in Montreal. He received the Grand Cross of St. Louis (1721), and ordered the construction of Fort Niagara. His wife, Louise Elizabeth Joybert, who bore him twelve children, had been appointed (1708) under-governess to the royal children.

Louis Philippe, Count de Vaudreuil, second son of preceding, b. at Montreal, 1691; d. 27 Nov., 1763. Entering the army at the age of seven he ranked as captain in 1738, and received the Grand Cross of St. Louis (174.5). Tran.sferred to the na\'y as chief of a squadron, he took part (1747) in a combat off Cape Finist^re between the fleets of M. de I'Estendu^re and Admiral Hawkc, one of the most terrible engage-

ments on record. After eight hours, the French admiral was about to yield, when Vaudreuil, com- manding the Intrepide, hastened to the front, and, bearing the brunt of the enemy's broadsides, forced them to cease firing. In reward he was appointed lieutenant-general of (he naval forces.

Fr.\n50is-Pierre, Marquis de Rigaud, brother of preceding, b. 3 Feb., 1703. He was appointed lieuten- ant (1724), Knight of St. Louis (1738), king's lieu- tenant (1748), and Governor of Three-Rivers (1749). He fought with Montcalm at Chouaguen (Oswego), contributing to the victory by crossing the river with the vanguard. HewasGovernorof Montreal from 1755 until the conquest forced him to emigrate to France. Pierre, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, second governor of that name and the last under the French rule, fifth son of the former governor, b. at Quebec, 22 Nov., 1698; d. in France about 1767. He successively ranked as major of the troops (1726), Knight of St. Louis (1730), Governor of Three-Rivers (1733), of Louisiana (1742), Governor-General of Can- ada (1755) during the period of the Seven Years War. To his demand of reinforcements, France responded by sending Montcalm, Levis, Bourlamaque, Bougainville, who, though unable to save New France, covered her with glor\-. The merit of their victories, Oswego, William-Henry, Carillon, has heretofore been too largely attributed to Vaudreuil, who never appeared in battle and merely issued orders that were often a hindrance instead of a help to the ex- perienced and clear-sighted commander-in-chief, thereby rendering his exploits doubly heroic. Vaud- reuil even tried in his correspondence to behttle Montcalm's merit, and was too easily influenced by Bigot and his unscrupulous chque who dilapidated the public treasure to the detriment of the army and of the nation. This apparently rigorous judgment is supported by the latest historical researches. After the fatal battle of the Plains of Abraham, Vaudreuil withdrew to Montreal; when, despite the victory of Levis over Murray at St. Foy (1760), the French lost all hope, he signed the capitulation of Canada, and retired to France.

Louis Philippe de Rigaud, Comte de Vaudreuil, eldest son of preceding, b. at Quebec, 1723 ; d. in France, 1802; entered the navy in 1741. When the American revolutionary war began he refused the governorship of San Domingo to remain at sea. He commanded the Fendanl at the conquest of Grenada by d'Estaing, captured 6 million livres of booty in his cruises, conquered Senegal (1779), took part in five other engagements, one of which, off the Chesapeake, resulted in the surrender of CornwaUis. At the disaster of Dominica he saved 12 ships and retreated success- fully. Louis XVI thanked him personally and gave him the Grand Cross of St. Louis (1789). During the French Revolution he was elected to the States General; he defended the Tuileries (1792), and emigrated, returning to France under the Consulate. BiBAOD, Le Pantheon canadien (Montreal, 1891); Garneau, Uistmre du Canailn (.Montreal, 1882); Hist, des grandea famillet frani^aises du Canada (Montreal, 1867); Chapais, Le Marquia de Montcalm (Quebec, 1911).

Lionel Lind.say.

Vaughan, Herbert, cardinal, and third Arch- bishop of Westminster, b. at Gloucester, 15 .^pril, 1832; d. at St. .Joseph's College, Mill Hill, Middli'.sex, 19 June, 1903; he came of a family which h:i(l liecn true to the Cathohc Faith all through the ages of the persecution. Its members had suffered for their faith in fines and imprisonment and double hmd taxes. Sometimes, too, they suffered for their poli- tics. In the Civil War they sided with Charles I and were nearly ruined. After the, Stuart rising in 1715, John Vaugh.an of Courtfield refu.sed to t;ike the oath of allegiance to the House of Hanover, and two years later his name appears in a list of "Popish