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 UTRECHT

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nzEs

isppnilcd in 1702 by Clement XI on account of his iiisrnistic opinions and liis sliihliorn opposition to le papal see, and in 1704 the pope deposed him. The itliedral chapter of Utrecht, though, illefjally elected rst a vicar-general (1706), then in 1723 with the jproval of the States-General chose the parish riest of Utrecht, Cornelius Steenhoven, as arch- bishop. Steen- hoven was excom- municated by Pope Benedict XIII. This was the origin of the Jansenistic Church of Utrecht, which, however, was joined by only a very small part of theCathohc clergy and laity, a 1- t hough the state favoured it en- tirely. As the pro-vicars ap- pointed by the pope were not per- mittedby theGov- ernment to enter the country, both the Catholic Church of Utrecht and that of the entire Nether- ''r.iuhii. LTKiji'iiT"' ' "" lands was admin- istered until the rench Revolution by the papal internuncios of ologne and Brussels.
 * lf. His successor, Petrus Cobde (1688-1704), was

Owing to the occupation of Holland by the French 1795, the Catholics obtained somewhat more eedom. Still, there was no proper organization of lurch affairs, not even after the uniting of the etherlands with Belgium by the Congress of Vienna 181.5. The concordat made with the pope in 1827 as not carried out. In 1833 a vicar for the Ncther- nds was appointed once more. The Constitution of »4S granted the Catholics at last complete parity ith the other confessions, and gave the church

authorities almost unlimited freedom in purely relig- ious matters and in the administration of the property of the Ch\n-ch. The poi)e could now plan the resto- ration of the ecclcsiasi ical lii<'rar('hy in the Nether- lands. After long nenotialions the most essential regulations of the Concordat of 1827 were put into force. The Bull "Ex qua die" of 4 March, 1853, organized the Church of the Netherlands anew. Utrecht was raised once more to an archbislio])ric, and received the four suffragan dioceses of Haailcni, Bois-le-Duc, Breda, and Roerniond. John Zwijsen was appointed the first archbishop; as adminis- trator he also ruled the Diocese of Bois-le-Duc. The archbishop took up with great energy and caution the organization of the new dioceses, the division into deaneries, the settling of the boundaries of the individual parishes, the administra- tion of the lands of the parishes, of the lands of the Church, and the management of the benevolent insti- tutions. By numerous excellent decrees he provided for the improvement of church discipline, for the encouragement of the orders and of church a.ssocia- tions, for the training of a competent clergy (1857 a seminary for priests was opened), for the establish- ment of Catholic schools independent of the State, for the improvement of the Press, etc. In 1858 the cathedral chapters of the dioceses were organized, and in 1864 the first provincial synod was held. In 1868 the archbishop resigned the archdiocese on account of age, retaining only the direction of the Diocese of Bois-le-Duc. His successors were Andreas Ignatius Schaepman (1868-82), during whose admin- istration the large archiepiscopal museum was established; Petrus Matthias Snickers (1883-95), and Henry van de Wetering (since 1895).

Brom, BuUarium trajectense (2 vols., The Hague, 1891-96); Necrlandin calholica seu provincia uUrajfctensis historia et con~ dilio (L'treoht, 1887); Albees, Geschiedenis ran he/ herslel der Hierarchic in de Nederlandcn (2 vols., Xim-noRin. 1903-04); Archie/ voor de geschiedenis vanhet Aarthis^ium I'frrrht d'trecht,

1874 ); Blok. Geschiedenis mn hel Nedirl.ni.h.hr Vnlk (B vols.,

Groningen, 1892-1904); Ome Pius Alnuui.ik iAIkiiKuir, 1911); Naamlist der Dekens, Pasloors etc, van het Aarthmdum van Utrecht (St. Michii-ls e- Gestel. 1911).

Joseph Lins.

Utrecht, Schism of. See Jansenius and Jan- senism.

Uzes. See NImes, Diocese of.