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 URBS

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URBS

(1403-43) was appointed by Martin V (1419) ruler of the Duchy of Spoleto, and carried on war against Braccio di Montone with varying fortune. Oddo An- tonio, after a few months' government, was assassi- nated for his crimes. The Urbinese then offered the lordship to Federico III (1444-82), the illegitimate son of Guido Antonio, a pupil of Vittorino da Felt re's school and a lover of art. Under him Urbino became the resort of the brightest minds of the Renaissance. He was implicated in the wars against Sigismondo Malatesta, the pope, Rene of Anjou, and Florence. Sixtus IV conferred on him the title of Duke of Ur- bino (1474). Guidubaldo I (1492-1508) escaped by flight the plots of Ca;sar Borgia. He adopted Fran- cesco Maria della Rovere (1508-38), his sister's child, and thus the signoria of Sinigaglia was united to Urbino. He aided Julius II in reconquering the Romagna. Leo X deprived him of his territory, which was given to Lorenzo de' Medici, and later to Giovanni Maria Varano (151G-21). On Leo's death Federico III reascended the throne. The internal government was almost entirely in the hands of Duchess Eleonora Gonzaga. Guidubaldo II (1538- 74), by his marriage with Giulia di Varano, obtained the Duchy of Camerino, which he had to cede in 1539 to Paul III for 60,000 scudi. In 1572 the Urbinese re- belled against taxation, but were suppressed. Fran- cesco Maria II (1574-1631) endeavoured to reduce the taxes imposed by his father. In 1606 and 1626 he withdrew from the government to study natural sci- ences, and appointed a commission of eight to rule. On the assassination of his only son, Federico Ubaldo, in 1624, he placed his domains imder the Holy See. The first known bishop of Urbino is Leontius, to whom St. Gregory entrusted the Diocese of Rimini (592). Other bi.shops: Theodoricus, who in 1021 transferred the cathedral within the city (the ancient cathedral was outside); Blessed Mainardo (1057). Under Bishops Egidio (1288) and Carrado, O.S.A. (1309), Blessed Pelnigotto, a Franciscan Tertiary and Blessed Clare of Rimini lived in the city. Marco Boncioni, O.P. (1342); Fra Bartolommeo Carusi, O.S.A. (1347), theologians. Under Francesco, O. Min. (1379), the hermitage of the Gerolamini on Monte Cesana was established; Oddone Colonna (1380), later Martin V; Gian Pietro Arrivabeni (1491), learned writer and restorer of discipline; Cardinal Gregorio Cortese, O.S.B. (1542) ; FeUce Ti- ranni (1551), reformer of religious life. In 1563 Pius IV made the see metropolitan, with the suffra- gans, Cagli, Sinigaglia, Pesaro, Forssombrone, Mon- tefeltro, and Gubbio. Under Antonio Giannotti (1578) the seminary was opened; Ascanio Maffei (1646) restored many churches; Ignazio Ranaldi, Ora- torian (1819), restored the discipline of the seminary and the religious orders. The archdiocese has now, as suffragans, S. Angelo in Vado, Cagli, and Pergola, Fos- sambrone, Pesaro, Senigallia; it contains 99 parishes; 32,600 inhabitants; 130 secular and regular priests; 1 house of religious (men) ; 4 convents of mms; 4 edu- cational institutions for boys and 2 for girls.

CAPrELLETTl. Le rhirse if Italia. Ill (Venice. 1845); LlpP.^Bl.M. Vrbino in Ilalia arlislim, VI (Bergamo, 1907); Ugolixo. Sloria dei conti e dei duchi di Urbino (Florence, 1859); Alb.^.ni. Memorie concementi la cilta di Urbino (Rome. 1724); Gcebrixi. Degli uomini illualri di Urbino (Urbino. 1879); Den.nistowx, Memnir.i of the Dukea of Urbino, illxutraling the arms, arts, and literature of Italy from 1440 to 1630 (LondoD, 1851) ; Deladorde, Les dues et la couT d' Urbino in Revue dea Deux Mondes, II (1851), 393-440.

U. Bbnigni.

TJrbs beata Jerusalem dicta pacis visio, the

first line of a hynui of probably the seventh or eighth

century, comprising eight stanzas (together with a

doxology) of the form:

Urbs beata Jerusalem, dicta pacis visio, Qua} construitur in crrlo vivis ex lapidibus, Et angelis coronata ut sponsata comite.

Sung in the Office of the Dedication of a Church, the

first four stanzas were usually assigned to Vespers and Matins, the last four to Lauds. In the revision by the correctors under LTrban VIII (see Brevi.^ry) the unquantitative, accentual, trochaic rhythm was changed into quantitative, iambic metre (with an additional syllable), and the stanza appears in the Breviary with divided lines:

Coelestis Urbs Jerusalem,

Beata pacis visio,

QuEB celsa de viventibus

Saxis ad astra toUeris,

Sponsa-que ritu cingeris

MiUe Angelorum millibus.

The original hjann for Lauds (Angularis fundamen-

tum lapis Christus missus est) was changed into

"Alto ex Olympi vertice", etc. Hymnologists,

Catholic and non-Catholic alike, critic'ise adversely

the work of the correctors in general. Of this hymn

in particular some think that, whereas it did not suffer

as much as some others, yet it lost much of its beauty

in the revision; others declare that it was admirably

transformed without unduly modifying the sense.

However this may be, the changed rhythm and the additional syllable did not deter the editors of the Ratisbon Antiphonary from including a melody, which fitted admirably the rhythm of the "Pange lingua gloriosi", but which was greatly marred and rendered hardly singable when adapted to the reversed rhythm of the "Coelestis L^rbs Jerusalem". A dif- ferent textual revision, ascribed to Sebastian Besnatdt, appeared in the Sens Breviary of 1626: Urbs beata, vera pacis Visio Jerusalem, Quanta surgit! celsa saxis Conditor viventibus: Quce polivit, ha;c cooptat Sedibus suis Deus. Neale thinks this inferior to the original, but superior to the Roman revision. Roundell admits the blem- ishes in the original that would suggest emendation, but thinks that the Roman revision left out "most of the architectural imagery", and notes that the Sena Breviary omitted "the whole conception of the Heav- enly City 'as a bride adorned for her husband'". He nevertheless considers the revisions, if looked at as new hymns, "spirited and attractive". The Pari- sian Breviarj- of 1736 gives the form: Urbs Jerusalem beata Dicta pacis visio Qua? construitur in cffhs Vivis ex lapidibus, Et ovantum coronata Angelorum agmine. The hymn finds its Scriptural inspiration in Eph., ii, 20; I Pet., ii, 5; .\poc., xxi. Including aU forms of the hymn, there are about thirty translations into English verse.

Meabns and Juliax in Diet, of Hymnology (2nd ed., London. 1907), 1198, 1720. To the list of trs. add: Baqshawe. Brer- iary Hymns and Missal Sequenees (London, s. d.). nos. 98, 99; DoNAHOE, Early Christian Hymns (New York, 1908), 232, 233; Roundell, Hymns, Their History and Development, etc. (Lon- don and Edinburgh, 1S92), translates from the Sens Brer., p. 84 (cf. 72-3, 80-4) ; Dcffield, Latin Hymn-Writers and their Hymns (New York, 1889). 326; Neale in Bute, The Roman Breviary: Idem in .Manual of Prayers (Baltimore). Trench, Sacred Latin Poetry (3rd ed., London, 1874), 317-20, interesting notes; Daniel. Thesaurus hymnalogicus, 1, 239; IV, 193; MoNE. Lateinische Hymnen des MiUelalters, I, 319-322. Daniel thinks the h.vmn was not originally intended for the Dedication of a Church, but was fitted for this use by the subsequent addition of stanias 7 and 8. Mone disagrees, as al~i. <!n.^ Trench. Neale cham- pions Daniel, because of a "clear .litterenee i.f style and language" in the two portions, the abruptness -nitli which the.y arc joined, and the apparently doxological charaeter of the sixth stnnaa. Daniel returns to his own defence (IV. 10:1-4) by citing from MartSnc a direction of a Poitiers Pontifical of the tenth century requiring the " Urbs beata" to be sung at the Blessing of the Font. The disputed vcrsci do not fit in well with the ceri'niony of the Blessing, for which the rest of the hymn answers well, for the boptijed became thus citiiens of the Blessed City. Albin, La pofsie du brfviaire romain; Les hymms. 4;iS-447; Baudot. The Roman Breviary (London, lllli'", 1m. s. inr Catholic criticism of the revision under Urban \l 1 1 I mi m -, Ih/mnarius Mnissin- CfiLiia (Leipzig, 1888), gives dilTer.n! A,■\■■l'r.■^ and two additional stansas (nos. 6 and 9); for chanpe ,1 rls\ tti'ti. The Corrected Forms of the Hymns in the Vatican (Iraduale in Ecclesiastical Review (Feb., 1910), 209-11.

H. T. Henry.