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architect Etienne de Bonnuille in 12S7. It was a masterpiece of the Gothic style, and is a monument of what Cathohc art and Cathohc self-sacrifice were able to create under the leadership of zealous archbishops and prelates. The labours of the archbishops extended in all directions. Some were zealous pastors of their flocks, such as Jarler and others; some were dis- tinguished canonists, such as Birger Gregerson (1367- 83) and Olof Larsson (1435-S) ; others were states- men, such as Jons Bengtsson Oxenstjerna (d. 1467), or capable administrators, such as Jacob Ulfsson Orn- fot, who was distinguished as a prince of the Church, royal councillor, patron of art and learning, founder of the University of Upsala, and an efficient helper in the introduction of printing into Sweden. He died in the Carthusian monastery of Mariefred (Mary's Peace) in 1522. There were also scholars, such as Johannes Magnus (d. 154-1), who WTote the "Historia de omnibus gothorimi sueonumque regibus" and the "Historia metropolitanse ecclesiae upsahensis", and his brother Olaus iSlagnus (d. 1588), who wrote the "Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus" and who was the last Archbishop of Upsala.

The archbishops and secular clergy found active co-workers among the regulars. Among the orders represented in Sweden were the Benedictines, Cis- tercians, Dominicans, Franciscans, Brigittines (with the mother-house at Wadstena), Carthusians, etc. The monks not only laboured in things spiritual, but were also the teachers of the people in agriculture and gardening. Still greater credit is due the members of the orders, both men and women, for their services in the intellectual training of the people of Sweden. A Swedish Protestant investigator, Carl SiLfverstolpe, writes; "The monks were almost the sole bond of union in the Middle Ages between the civilization of the north and that of southern Europe, and it can be claimed that the active relations between our mon- asteries and those in southern lands were the arteries through which the higher civilization reached our country." The beneficial labours of the Catholic Church were forgotten in the stormy days of the Reformation, but in the present era they have been once more recognized by more dispassionate investi- gators. Dr. Claes Annerstedt, the historian of the University of Upsala, says: "One of the finest results of modern research is that the highly important labours of the Roman Church have received proper recognition by the exhibition of its services in the preservation and spread of civilization."

Hergenrother, llnndbuch der allgemeinen Kirchengeschichte, II (Freitjurg, 1870), 720; Adami Gesta Hammaburijensium Epis- coporum. IV (Hanover, 1876), 174; Flavignv. Ste. Brigille de Suede. IV (Paris. 1910), 148-151; XVI, 714-717; Reuterd.ihl, Srenska Ki/rkans historia, II, pt. II (Lund, 1838-1866), 41.3; Hildebrand, Sveriges MedeUid. Ill (Stockholm, 1898-1903), 839; SILFVERSTOLPE, Klostret i Wadstena in liistoriskt Bihliotek, I (Stocktiolm, 1875), 2; Annerstedt, Upsala Unicersitets his- toria, I, pt. 1 (Upsala. 1877), 2; Krogh Tonning. Die hi. Bir- gilta von Schweden (Kempten and Munich. 1907); Perger, Jesuiterpateren Lauritz Nielsen, saakaldt '^ Klosterlasse" (Chris- tiania, 1896) : Baumgartner, Nordische Fahrten.

GUSTAF ArMFELT.

Upsala, UxivERsrrY of, the oldest and most cele- brated university of Sweden. Even to-day the arrangement of its buildings in the city of Upsala (about 23,000 inhabit ;uits) shows that it is the crea- tion of the Catliolic: Chtirch. The venerable Gothic cathedral, which contains in a silver reliquary the remains of St. Eric the King (d. 1161), is surrounded by the colleges, houses of the "nations", clinical hospitals, infirmaries, astronomical oliservatnry, and library. The proposal to call foreiiiii scholars to Up.sala to give lectures is said to have been made at the church synod held at Arboga in 1417. It is certain that the liishops were commissioned by the Synod of Soderccjping (1441) to take measures to obtain a sludium generate. Shortly after this Den- mark .sought to establish a university at Copenhagen.

This led Archbishop Jakob Ulfsson, primate of the Swedish Church (1470-1515), a man who did much for Sweden, to seek from the pope the privilege of founding a university. In the summer of 1477 the envoy of the archbishop and the royal council. Canon Ragvald Ingemundi, returned from Rome bringing with him from Pope Sixtus IV a Bull, dated 27 February, 1477, granting the charter. The university was to be modelled on that of Bologna, to have the same privileges and hberties, and to include the facul- ties of theology, canon and civil law, medicine, and philosophy. The Archbishop of Up.sala was to be the chancellor and to grant the degrees of bachelor, licentiate, doctor, and master. After receiving the Bull, the archbishop and his six suffragans, the ad- ministrator of the kingdom, Sten Sture I, and the twenty-three members of the royal council of Streng- nas proceeded to the actual founding of the university on 2 July, 1477. The lectures began in the autumn of the same year, and the university developed and flourished greatly.

Religious schism appeared at the university during the rectorship of Laurentius Petri, who had studied at Wittenberg under Luther, and who, as the first Protestant Archbishop of Upsala, introduced the Reformation info Sweden. In consequence of the schism the university was closed in 1580. Its place was taken, for Catholics, by a collegium regium, at Stockholm, where the instruction was given for a time by Jesuits. In 1593 the University of Upsala was revived by order of the General Council of Sweden. Originally, it was only intended to have the faculties of Protestant theology and philosophy, but the others were added later. The university also received its old privileges, so that it was able to maintain its independence until modern times, notwithstanding all the violent changes in the kingdom. Its second period of prosperity began during the reign of King Gusta\'us II Adolphus, who endowed it with his valuable landed property. Among the university professors of the eighteenth century was the well- known natural scientist Karl von Linna?us, who received the honorary title of Bolanicorum priticeps. In the nineteenth century the most distinguished professor was the historian and poet, Eric Gustav Geijer. The students are distributed, according to the district they come from, among the thirteen "nations", all of which, in the middle of the past century, united into one student body. As in other Swedish institutions of higher education, the organiza- tion and instruction are regulated by the royal statutes of 10 January, 1876. The presiding officer is a chan- cellor elected for three years by the coimcil of pro- fessors and confirmed by the king; the substitute for the chancellor is the Lutheran archbishop. In the year 1911-12 there were 68 professors. 70 dozenlen. and 2261 students.

Annerstedt. Upsala unirersiteis historia (1877); And Up.mla universitets matrikel lB9-'i-t6S0 (1900-04); vON Baiib. Statider foTordningar (1897) ; VON Bahr and Brandberg, MatriMel Upsala (1906): Corneuus. Ups. Theolog. FakuUets historia (1874-75); Baumgartner, Durch Skandinarien nach St. Peters- burg (3d cd., Freiburg, 1901), xii.

Karl Hoeber.

Uranopolis, a titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Ancyra in Galatia Piima. It is vainly sought in any "Notitiie episcopal uum " or in any geography, ancient or modern, profane or ecclesiastical. It is a f.aulty spelling or variation of Verinopolis, so named in honour of \'erina, mother-in-law of the Emperor Zeno. Le Quien (Oriens christ., 1, 4X11 mentions three bishops: Stephen, jiresent ;it the Trulhm Coun- cil, 692; .\nthiiniis, at thesecond Comicil of Nice, 7S7; Sisinnius. :it the Councils of (^)nst:uilin<iiile, S69, 878. The diocese is described, about tllO. in the " Ecthesis" of pseudo-Kpiphanius ((!elzer, " I'ngednickte . . . Texte der Notitia' episcopatuum", 536); about 900, in the " Notitia episcopatuiim " of Leo the Philosopher