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UPSALA

to these points, the pope assumed that the doubts of the Governments over these points had disappeared. Consequently on 11 April, 1827, he issued the supple- mentary Bull, "Ad Dominici gregis rustodiam", which incorporated the articles in their entirety. Upon this the two Bulls, "Provida sollersque" and "Ad Dominici gregis custodiam", were published in full by the Governments of Baden, Hesse- Darmstadt, Hesse-Cassel, Wurtemberg, and Nassau. The Bulls received the approval of the Governments only "so far as such have for their object the formation of the ecclesiastical province of the Upper Rhine, the circum- scription, equipment, and founding of the five dioceses belonging to it with their cathedral chapters, also the filling of the archiepiscopal see, the episcopal sees, and the offices of the cathedral foundations".

After the Bulls had been proclaimed by the Govern- ments, the new bishops were elected. After the Gov- ernment (if Baden had dropped its former canilicialc, Wes.senberg, the first archbishop was Bernhard Bdll, parish priest of Miinster; the Bishop of Limburg wiis Brand; of Rottenburg, J. B. Keller; of Fulda, Rieger; of Mainz, Burg. The ecclesiastical provinceof the Upper Rhine was now established, and the episcopal sees filled, but satisfactory relations between Church and State had not yet been attained. The Governments did not abandon their plan to extend the rights of the State in ecclesiastical questions as far as possible. No determined resistance was to be expected from most of the new bishops, who were either weak men or con- fidants of the Governments. Consequently, on .30 Jan., 1830, the Governments issued jointly an "Ordi- nance respecting the exercise of the constitutional right of the State to protect and supervi.se theCatholic national Church", containing thirty-nine articles, which were essentially only a revised form of the "Church Pragmatic" of Frankfort. The pope pro- tested at once, although in vain. The Bishop of Fulda and his cathedral chapter also courageously opposed the ordinance, and obtained the mitigation of the most severe regulations. The bishops of the other dioceses accepted at first without opposition the publication of the ordinance of the sovereign. Still, in their dioceses also there were later violent struggles between Church and State.

MCnch, Votlstdndige Sammlung alter dXteren und neueren Kon- kordate (2 vols.. Leipzig, 1830-31); Longner, Darstellunff der Reckts-verhdUnisse der BischG/e in der oberrheinischen Kirchen- proiinz (Tiibingrn, 1840) ; Idem, Beitrdge zur Geschichte der 0. K. (Tubingen, lS(i3): BrOck. Die O. K. ron ihrer Grtindung bis zur Gegcnwart (Mainz, 1868): Idem, Geschichte der katholischen Kirche in Dculsrhland. II. Ill (Mainz, 1889, 1896): Maas, Ge- schichte der katholischen Kirche in Baden (Freiburg, 1891) : Lauer, Genchichte der katholischen Kirche im Grossherzogtum Baden (Frei- burg, 1908): KissuNG, Geschichte des Kulturkamp/en, I (Freiburg,

'911)- Joseph Lins.

Upsala, Ancient See of. — When St. Ansgar, the -Apostle of the North, went to Sweden in 829 the Swedes were still heathen and the country contained many sacrificial groves and temples for the worship of idols. One of the most celebrated of the latter w.os the temple at Upsala in what is now called Old Upsala, the centre of idolatrous worship not only for Sweden but for all Scandinavia. Even after Christianity had spread through Sweden, heathen sacrifices were still maintained at Up.sala. The "Bishops' t^'hronicle", written by Adam of Bremen in the years 1072-70, says, "The Swedes have a well-known heathen temple called Upsala", and adds, " Every ninth year, moreover, a great (ciist is celebrated at Upsala, which is observed in common by all the provinces of Sweden. None

is permitted to avoid participation in the feast

More horrible than .any punishment is that even those who have become Christians must purchase exemption from participation in the fea-st. . The .sacrifices are made thus: Nine heads are offered for every living creature of the male sex. By the blood of these the gods are appeased. The bodies are hung up in a grove not far from the temple. Dogs and

horses may be seen hanging close by human beings; a Christian told me he had seen seventy-two bodies hanging together."

An episcopal see was established at Old Upsala. t^ne of the bishops was St. Henry, who took part in the Crusade to Finland led by St. Eric and suffered martyrdom there in 11.57. The bishops of Sweden were first suffragans of the Archdiocese of Hamburg- Bremen, of which see St. Ansgar was archbishop when he died. Afterwards the Swedish bishops were suffra- gans of the Archbishop of Lund, Primate of Scandi- navia. In 11.52 Cardinal Nicholas of Albano, later Pope Adrian IV, visited Sweden and held a provin-

XIII Century

cial synod at Linkoping. He had been commissioned to establish an independent Church province in Sweden, but the matter was deferred, as the Swedes could not agree upon the see of the archbishop. However, in 1164, Pope Alexander III established a separate ecclesiastical province of Sweden with tlie see at Upsala. The suffragans were the Bishojis of Skara, Linkoping, Strengniis, and West er&s; at a later date the dioceses of Wexio and Abo in Finland were added. The first Archbishop of Upsala was Stephen, a Cister- cian monk from the celebrated monastery of Alwa-s- tra. Cardinal William of Saliina <-aiiic as jiapal legate to Sweden during the archiepiscopal e of Jarler, a Dominican monk (12.3.5-5.5). The legate had been commissioned, among other thing.s, to establish cathe- dral chapters wherever such were lacking, and to grant them the exclusive right of electing the bishops. Another important matter which the legate had been ordered to carry out Wii,s the enforcement of the law of clerical celibacy. At a provincial synod held at Skenninge in 1248 under t he presidency of the cardinal, the rules as to celibacy were made more severe. The pious and energetic Archbisho)) Jarler and his suc- cessor Laurentius (1257-f)7), a Franciscan, constantly strove to elevate the clergy and to enforce the law of celibacy. A century later the great saint of Sweden, St. Bridget (d. 1373), laboured zealously for the enforcement of the same law.

A new era arose in the history of the archdiocese when Archbishop Folke (1274-^77) transferred the Bee from Old I'psala to Aros, a town near by on the Fyris which w-a-s given the name of Upsala. This change was approved by the pope, the king, and the bishops. The relics of the national saint, St. Eric, were also transferred to the new see. The cathedral of Upsala, the most important church of Sweden and the largest in Scandinavia, was built by the French