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 ULRICH

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ULRICH

Authorities are divided upon these questions. Diaz del Castillo relates that during the absence of Cortes, his wife, Doiia Juana de Juiieia, sent letters to him by UUoa, begging him to return. I'lloa, in charge of two ships loaded with provisions, reached Cortes when he was sorely straitened, and he returned to Mexico in 1537. I'lloa soon followed. Eager for new dis- coveries, Cortes undertook an expedition at his own ex-pense in 153S, dispatching a fleet of three boats under the command of Francisco de Ulloa. According to Clavigero, Ulloa sailed along the coasts of the Cali- fornia peninsula until he was obliged by the scarcity of provisions to return to New Spain, where, in 1540, according to Diaz del Castillo, he was stabbed by a soldier and killed. Other historians relate, however, that of the three boats which sailed from the port of Acapulcothe"S.Tomas"wassoonlost;the"S.Agueda" was obliged to seek port in IManzanillo to repair damages, was afterwards driven by a tempest to the shores of Culiacan, where it joined the "Trinidad", re- turning shortly with the discontented members of the expedition, and the ship "Trinidad",uufler command of Ulloa, was lost, no trace having been found of her.

Palacio. Mf-xico d traves de los sigtos, II; Diaz del Castillo, HiHnria verdadera de la conquista de Nueva Espafia (Paris, 1837) ; Cortes, Historia de Nueva Espafia anmentada con docu- mentos por D. Franc. Anl. Lorenzana Arzob. de Mexico (Mexico, 177); Cl-avigebo, Historia de la Antigua 6. Baja California (Mexico, 1852).

Camillus Crivelli.

Ulrich, Saint, Bishop of Augsburg, b. at Kyburg, Ziirich, Switzerland, in S90; d. at Augsburg, 4 July, 973. He was the son of Count Hucpald and Thet- birga, and was connected with the dukes of Alaman- nia and the imperial family of the Ottos. As a child he was sickly; when old enough to learn he was sent to the monastic school of St. Gall, where he proved to be an excellent scholar. He resolved to enter the priesthood, but was in doubt whether to enter the Benedictine Alibey of St. Gall or to become a secular priest. He was sent before April, 910, for his further training to AdalbiTo, Bishop of Augsburg, who made him a chamberlain. On Adalbero's death (28 April, 910) Ulrich returned home, where he re- mained until the death of Bishop Hiltine (28 Nov., 923). Through the influence of his uncle, Duke Burchard of .Vlamannia, and other relatives, Ulrich was appointed Bishop of Augsburg by King Henry, and was consecrated on 28 Dec, 923. He proved him- self to be a ruler who united severity with gentleness. He sought to improve the low moral and social condition of the clergy, and to enforce a rigid adher- ence to the laws of the Church. Ulrich hoped to gain this end by periodical visitations, and by building as many churches a-s possible, to make the blessings of religion more accessible to the common people. His success was largely due to the good example he set his clergy and diocese. For the purpose of obtaining relics he went on two journevs to Rome, in 910, and in 9.52 or 953.

Ulrich demanded a high moral standard of himself and others. A hundred years after his death, a letter apparently written by him, which opposed celibacy, and supported the marriage of priests, suddenly appeared. The forger of the letter counted on the opinion of the common people, who would regard celibacj' as unjust if St. Ulrich, known for the rigidity of his morals, upheld the marriage of priests (cf. "Analecta Boll.", XXVII, 1908, 474; against the let- ter, H. Thurston, "A Saint averse to Celibacv", in "The Month", CXI, 1908, 311-13). Ulrich wks also steadfastly loyal, as a prince of the empire, to the emperor. He W!is one of the most important props of the Ottonian policy, which rested mainly upon the ecclesiastical princes. He constantly attended the judicial courts held l)y the king and in the diets. He even took part in the Diet held on 20 Sept., 972,

when he defended himself against the charge of nepotism in regard to his nephew Adalbero, whom he had appointed his coadjutor on account of his own illness and desire to retire to a Benedictine abbey. During the struggle between Otto I and his son Duke Ludolf of Swabia, Ulrich had much to suffer from Ludolf and his partisans. When in the summer of 954 father and son were ready to attack eacli other at Illertissen in Swabia, at the last moment Ulrich and Bishop Hartbert of Chur were able to mediate between Otto and Ludolf. Ulrich succeeded in per- suading Ludolf and Konrad, Otto's son-in-law, to ask the king's pardon on 17 Dec, 954. Before long the Magyars entered. Germany, plundering and burning as they went, and advanced as far as Augs- burg, which they besieged with the fury of barbarians. It was due to Ulrich's ability and courage that Augs- burg was able to hold out against the besiegers until the Emperor Otto arrived. On 10 Aug., 955, a battle was fought in the Lechfeld, and the invaders were finally defeated. The later assertion that Ulrich himself took part in the battle is incorrect, as Ulrich could not have broken through the ranks of the Mag- yars, who were south of him, although north of the emperor.

As morning dawned on 4 July, 973, Ulrich had ashes strewn on the ground in the shape of a cross; the cross was sprinkled with holy water, and he was placed upon it. His nephew Richwin came with a message and greeting from the Emperor Otto II as the sun rose, and immediately upon this, while the clergy sang the Litany, St. Ulrich passed away. His body was placed in the Church of St. Afra, which had been rebuilt by liim. The burial was performed by Bishop Wolfgang of Rati.-ibon. Many miracles were wrought at his grave; and in 993, he was canonized by John XV. As early as the tenth century, there is a very beautiful miniature, in a manuscri])t now in the library of Einsiedeln (no. 261, fol. 140). Other miniatures are at the Royal Library of Munich, in manuscripts of 1454 (Cgm., 94, fo. 2(3^', and Cgm., no. 751).

ScHMID, St. Ulrich Bischof von Auqsbura 890-97S (.\ugiiburg, 1901), enlarged in 1904 by a full bibliography including the early authorities: a readable illustrated work which does not claim to be a scholarly production. The basis of the above is Ulrich'a biography written by a conteniporar\'. Gerhahd, cathedral pro- vost of Augsburg, in Jl/on. Germ. Ilirt.: Script., IV. 379-428; Migne, p. L., C.XXXV; tr. Grandaih, aei^chichlsschreihcr der deutschen Voncit. XXXI (isni). X, 4, 2. Biography by Bishop Gerhard (99(i-9n9), previously .\bbot of Ellwangcn. and that of the monk Berxo of Pr( m. aftirnarrts Abbot of Reichenau (1008-1048). Bekno's, Vita .S. Ondalriri tkhh turned into verse, in the twelfth century- by the monk Ai.berti-s in Codex Inlinus monacrnsis, 94, fol. 27'-70'; ed. Schmeller, .Sf. VIrirhs Lehen in deutschen Reimen (1844). MS?, of the first life and the others are at Basle (8. VIII, 32. eleventh century), at Einsiedeln (no. 261. fol. 140-3.59, tenth and eleventh centuries), and at St. Gall (no. .565, eleventh century); cf. Potthabt. Bibliotheca historica medii mvi, II (Berlin, 1896), 1612-13; Acta S.S'., July, II, 73- 135; Baumann, Gesch. des Allgaus, I (Kempten, 1881); Biblio- theca hagiographica latina antiquo' ei mediw tEtatis, ed. Bolland- I8TS (Brussels. 1900). 1210-11; Braun, Gesch. von dew. Leben und den Wunderwerken des Augsburgischen Bischof s, des hi. Ulricha (Augsburg, 1796); Detzel. Chrislliche Ikonographie, II (Freiburg, im Br., 1896), 659; Funk, Lehrhuch der Kirchengr.irhichte (Pader- born, 1898); Giebebrecht. Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, I (Leipzig. 1881); K.nopfler, Lehrbuch der Kirchengesch. (Frei- burg im Br., 1911) ; Koch, (tc.scA. u. Kultus des hi. Ulrich, Bischofs Vfm Ajig.-iburg (Halle. 1877), dissertation; Mon. Germ. Hist. Script.. I, 50-.56, 68-69, 72-85: II. 75-147; III, 142-43 408-67; IV. 377-428 (Vila sancti Udalrici), 429-45 (Vita sancti Choxm- radi). .521-J2 (Vita sancti Wolfkangi; XX, 9-15, 621-83; Diplo- mata. I, 101-67. 269, 364, .547, 613; Necrologia, I, 97 (Fragmenla necrologii Neresheimensis). 104. 120-28 (Necrologiummonasterii S. Udalrici); Nei.k, Lebensgrschichte des hi. Biifchofs Ulrich (Augs- burg, 1831): Migne, P. L., C.XXXV, 1010-79; CXLII, 1184- 1206;C-XLIII, 1.361-66 (Epistola stth ficio Ulrici nomine ad Nico- laum papm de cnntinentia clericorum); Raffler. Der hi. Ulrich, Bischof von Augsburg (Munich, 1870); St.Klin, Wirtembergische Gesch., I (Stuttgart and Tubingen, 1841): von Steichele, Gesch. des Bislums Augshurg (Augsburg. 1864. 1S72, 18.83). II, 39; III, .50: IV, 40; SxtTZi.E, Lehrn des hi Ulrich. Hifchufs van Augt- burg und Patrons des Bialums Augsburg (Aug-l.urg. 1880): WaT- tenbach. Deutschlanda Ge«rhichts,,urllen in MtltiMler, I (7th ed.), 447-49; II (6th ed.. Berlin, 1904), 42, 1.57: voN Wtss. Gesch. der historiographie irt der Schiveiz (Zurich, 1895).

llLRICn ScHMID.