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 TYRIE

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TYRIE

went to Africa with a philosopher who was his master and was consecrated by St. Athanasius the iirst bishop of that country. Tliree councils were held at Tyre. The first, convened by Constantine (335), which had about 310 members, judged the cause of St. Athana- sius, who was in Tyre with 48 Egyptian bishops, and after a series of injustices it deposed him. Eusebius of Caesarea presided over the assembly (Hefele-Le- clercq, "Hist, des conciles", I, 656-66). Another council was held in February, 449, to examine the cause of Ibas, Bishop of Edessa, who was accused by the clerics of his church and absolved by this council. This sentence had serious consequences at Chalcedon and especially at the Council of the Three Chapters in 553 (Hefele-Leclercq, op. cit., II, 493-98). Finally, in 514 or 515 was held a council under the presidency of Sevenis, Patriarch of Antioch, and of Philoxens, metropoUtan of HierapoUs, and which assembled the bishops of the provinces of Antioch, Apama?a, Augusta Eupliratensis, Osrhoene, Mesopotamia, Ar.-ibia, and Phoenicia Libanensis. It rejected the Council of Chalcedon, and the Henoticon of the Em- peror Zeno was explained in a sense clearly opposed to the latter council (Lebon, "Le monophysisme severien", Louvain, 1909, 62-4).

Le Quien (Oriens christ., II, 801-12) mentions 29 bishops of this see, some of whom have no right to figure in the fist. Besides those aheady mentioned were: Paulinus, friend of Eusebius of Caesarea, men- tioned by Arius in a letter as being one of his partisans (Theodoret, "H. E.", I, v) and who subsequently be- came Patriarch of Antioch; Irensus, previously a count, a partisan of Nestorius exiled in 449 to Petra, and who compiled a collection of very valuable docu- ments which have reached us under the title of "Tragajdia Ircnaei"; Photius, very active in the re- ligious quarrels of his time, and who assisted at the Councils of Tyre and Chalcedon, as well as at the Robber Council of Ephesus; John Codonatus, a Monophysite and friend of Peter Fullo, Patriarch of Antioch; Thomas, who at the Eighth (Ecumenical Council represented the Patriarch of Antioch.

Included at first in the Province of S.\Tia, the Dio- cese of Tyre formed part of Phoenicia, at the creation of tliat province by Septimius Severus shortly before 198, when it became the religious as well as the civil metropohs; its bishop, Marinus, had the title of met- ropohtan as early as 250 (Euseb., "H. E.", VII, v). When between 381 and 425 Phoenicia was subdivided into two provinces, Phoenicia Maritima and Phoenicia Libanensis, Tyre remained the metropolis of the former. At the Council of Chalcedon in 451 Photius had to defend his rights as metropolitan against the Bisliop of Berytus, formerly his suffragan, who divided Phoenicia Prima into two parts and assumed autliority over all the bishoprics of the north. The council recognized the rights of Photius and gave him jurisdiction over all the dioceses with the exception of Boryt us, which remained an autoccphalous metropolis. Some years later Tyre became the chief see of the Patriarchate of Antioch, i. c. it attained first rank among tlie metropolitan sees. The reason for this was that,, about 480, .lohn Codonatus, Patriarch of Antioch, having resigned in favour of Calandion, the latter appoinled him Metropolitan of T>Te, with the right for himself and liis successors of thenceforth sit- ting iinmciHately after the patriarch (Theophanes, "C'lu'onographia"). In (lie "Notitia episcopatuum" of Antioch in the sixth century TjTe had 13 suffragan sees (Iv-hos d'Orient. X, 145). In the tenth century the western boundaries of the archdiocese went from the great siting of Zip (Az-Zib) to Nahr-Laitani, the ancient Leontes (Echos d'Orient, X, 97). The Greek archdiocese was retained even during the Latin occu- pation, but the titular resided at Constantinople.

Odo, the first Latin archbishop, was appointed in 1122 and died two vears later when the Franks were

besieging the city; his successor, Wilham, was of EngUsh origin. In disregard of the ancient canon law, the new metropoUtan was subjected to the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, which aroused protest on the part of the See of Antioch. The dispute which fol- lowed was referred to the tribunal of Pope Innocent II, who decided in favour of the Patriarch of Jerusalem in virtue of a Decree of his predecessor, Paschal II, who granted to King Baldwin the right to subject to Jeru- salem all the episcopal sees he should succeed in con- quering from the Mussulmans. Hence two letters of Innocent 11 obhged the Archbishop of Tyre to sub- mit to the jurisdiction of Jerusalem together with his six suffragans, the Bishops of Tripoli, Tortosa (or Antaradus), Byblos, Berytus, Sidon, and Ptolemais. Later, when the cities of Tripoli, Tortosa, and Byblos came into the power of the Prince of Antioch, their bishops also became dependent on the Latin Patri- arch of Antioch. Naturally after the departure of the crusaders Tyre was replaced under the Patriarchate of Antioch. For long li.sts of Latin archbishops see Le Quien (Oriens christ.. Ill, 1309-20) and Eubel (Hierarchia cathohca medii aevi, I, 534; II, 284; III, 342). The most famous was WiUiam II, the historian of the crusades. The Latins evacuated Tjtc in 1291 and the archbishop, by the pope's command, having left the city, 8 Oct., 1294, there were thenceforth only titular archbishops.

The Melchite Archdiocese of Tyre is bounded on the north by Nahr el-Laitani, on the east by a line of wooded hills separating the District of Bcharre from that of Merdjaioun, on the south by the Diocese of St .-Jean d'Acre, and on the west by the sea. It has 14 churches and chapels, 13 stations with or without residential priests, 16 priests, of whom 6 are seculars and 10 religious of Saint-Sauveur, 16 primary schools for boys and girls, half of which are in charge of Latin missionaries and European sisters. The num- ber of faithful is 5300. Besides their mission at Tyre, the American Protestants have two schools in the Dio- cese at Almat and Cana. The Maronite diocese, founded in 1906 to the detriment of that of Saida, is bounded on the west by the sea, on the north by the River Zaharani, on the east by the Jordan, and on the south by the Sinaitic peninsula. It has 10,000 faithful, 20 priests, and 20 churches; the number of schools is unknown. The schismatic Grseco-Arabic Archdiocese of Tyre and Sidon has about 9000 faith- ful.

Hengstenberg, De rehus Tyriorum commentnlio academica (Berlin, 1831); Poulain de Bossay, Rech'^rctu s .^ur bi fopographie de Ttjr in Bullelin de la Sociite aeographyju. ilKi;i-Ji, I. S9-145; III, 5-17; Renan, Mosatque ckr^tienne et htsfoni, i/. J'v in Awioles arebeologiques, XXI, 150-2; Du Cange, /.-.s lanullt.i d'outre-mer (Paris, 1869), 496-501. 749-754; Phctz. Kaisrr Fnedneh I Grabstaetle (Dantzig, 1879); Sepp, Mcerfahrt nach Tyrus (Leip- zig. 1879): PlETsCHMANN, Geschichle der PhOnirier (1889), 61-72; Krall, Studien zur Geschichte der alten JUffyptcn, fasc. Ill, Tyros und Sidon (Vienna, 1889); Jehemias, Tyrus bis zur Zeit Nebukadnezars (Leipzig, 1891); Lucas, Geschichte der Sladl tyrus zur Zeil der KreuzzUge (Berlin, 1896) ; Rohricht. GeschirMe des Kdnigreichs Jerusalem (Innsbruck, 1898), 1092 sq.; Winckleb, Assyrien und Tyrus seit Tiglathpileser in AUorietiialische Fors- chungen. III, 625 sq.; Kitto, .4 Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature, ed. .Alexander. Ill, s. v.; S.mith, A Dictionary of the Bible, s. v.; Missiones cathalica; (Rome, 1907), 782-819; Chabon, Histoire des patriarchals melkites III. (Rome. 1909). 284-86.

S. Vailhe.

Tyrie, James, theologian, b. at Drumkilbo, Perthshu-e, Scotland, 1543; d. at Rome, 27 May, 1597. Educated first at St. Andrews, he joined Edmund Hay (q. v.) at the time of de Gouda's mission in 1562. In his company he then went to Rome, was there admitted into the Society of Jesus, and was eventu- where Hay had become rector; and remained there in various posts, e. g. profe-ssor, head of the Scottish Jesuit Mission (1585), till 1590. During this period he was once engaged in a controversy with Knox, against whom he WTote "The Refutation of ane Answer made be Schir Johne Knox to ane letter be
 * dly sent to Clermont College, Paris, in June, 1567,