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 TYPES

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TYPES

great Northumberland estates of the de Vesois. The first prior of the re-fnuiided monastery was Remigiiis, and the hist was Robert Bhikeney, who on 12 Jan., 1539, surrendered thoiiriory to Henry VIII, he him- self, with fifteen monks and four novioes, signing the deed of surrender, which is still extant, with the beau- tiful seal of the monastery appended to it. A pension of £iO was granted to Blakeney, and small pittances to the monks; and the prion,- site and buildings were bestowed first on Sir Thomai Hilton, and later, under Edward VI, on the Duke of Northumberhand. Colonel ^'illars, governor of Tynemouth Castle under William III and Anne, had a lease of the prion,-, and did irreparable damage to the remaining buildings. Practically nothing is now left except the roofless chancel, one of the most beautiful fragments of thir- teenth-centurv architecture in England.

Gibson. History of the Monastery of Tynemouth (London, 1846), a valuable and admirably exeruted work; Matthew Paris, Chronicii majora, ed. LuARD. I-IV (London. 1S74-83), passim; Mores historiarum. ed. LrARD. I. II (London, 1890); DnGDALE, Monast. anglic. Ill (London. 1819), 302-20; Brand. History of Newcaalle-upon-Tyne, II (London, 1789), 65, 66, etc.

D. O. Hunter-Blair.

Types in Scripture, though denoted by the Greek word Ti/Foi, are not coextensive with the meaning of this word. It signifies in John, xx, 25, the "print" of the nails in the risen Lord's hands; in Rom., vi, 17, the "form" of the Christian doctrine; in Acts, vii, 43, "figures" formed by a blow or impression, "images" of idols made for adoration; in Acts, vii, 44, and Hebr., viii, 5, the "form", or "pattern", according to which something is to be made; in Phil., iii, 17, I Tim., iv, 12, etc., the "model" or "example" of conduct. It is to be noted that, in all instances in which the word riSiros indicates the similarity bet ween something future and something past in either the physical or the moral order, this similarity is intended, and not a matter of chance resemblance. It is, there- fore, antecedent Ij- probable that in another series of texts, e. g. Rom., v, 14, in which a type is a person or thing prefiguring a future person or thing, the connexion between the two terms is intended by him who foresees and arranges the course of history. The types in the Bible are limited to types under- stood in this sense of the word. But while they do not extend to all the various meanings of the word Ti)jro5, they are not restricted to its actual occurrence. In Gal., iv, 24, for instance, the type and its anti- type are represented as iWrryopovficm, " said by an allegory"; in Col., ii, 17, the type is said to be tricia tCiv fuXXivTwv "a shadow of things to come"; in Hebr., ix, 9, it is called irapajSoX^, a "parable" of its antitype. But the definition of the type is verified in all these cases: a person, a thing, or an action, having its own independent and absolute existence, but at the same time intended by God to prefigure a future person, thing, or action.

I. Natural Basis of Types. — It has been pointed out that in the various degrees of nature the higher forms repeat the laws of the lower forms in a clearer and more perfect way. In historj-, too, the past and present often resemble each other to such an extent that some writers regard it as an axiom that history repeats itself. They point to Xabuchodonosor and Xapoleon, to the fleet of Xerxes and the armada of Phihp. After Plutarch has informed his reader (De fortuna Alexandri, x) that among all the expressions of Homer the words "both a good king, and an excellent fighter in war" pleased Alexander most, he adds that in this verse Homer seems not merely to celebrate the greatness of Agamemnon, but also to prophesy that of Alexander. What is true of nature and history in general is especially applicable to the economy of salvation; the state of nature was superseded and surpassed in perfection by the Mosaic Law, and the Mosaic Law yielded similarly to the Christian dispensation.

II. Figurists. — In the two earlier periods of Revela- tion there is no lack of men, things, and actions resembhng these of the Christian economy; besides, the New Testament expressly declares that .some of them typify their respective resemblances in the new dispensation. Hence the question arises whether one is justified in affirming to be a type anjthing which is not affirmed to be so in Revelation, either by direct statement or manifest impUcation. Wit- sius and Cocceius (d. 1669) were of opinion that the types actually indicated in Revelation were to be considered rather as examples for our guidance in the interpretation of others than as supplying us with an entire fist of all that were designed for this purpose. Cocceius and his followers contended that ever}- event in Old Testament history which had any formal resemblance to something in the New was to be regarded as typical. This view opened the door to frivolous and absurd interpretations by the followers of the Cocceian and Witsian school. Cra- mer, for instance, in his "De ara exterior!" (xii, 1) considers the altar of holocausts as a type of Christ, and then asks the question, "quadratus quomodo Christus fuerit"; van Till (De tabernaculo Mosis, xxv) presents the snuffers of the sacred candlestick as a type of sanctified reason which destroys our daily-occurring errors. Hulsius, d'Outrein, Deusing, and Vitringa (d. 1722) belong to the same school.

III. Pietisls. — In the Wiirtemberg school of pie- tism the types of the Old Testament were no longer considered as isolated phenomena, intended to instruct and confirm in the faith, but were regarded as members of an organic development of the salvific economy in which each earlier stage prefigures the subsequent. Bengel points out (Gnomon, preface, 13) that as there is symmetry in God's works down to the tiniest blade of grass, so there is a connexion in God's works, even in the most insignificant ones. In his "Ordo temporum" (ix, 13) the same writer insists on the unity of design, which makes one work out of all the books of Scripture, is the source of all limes, and has measured the past and the future alike. One of Bengel's disciples, P. M. Hahn, com- pares (Theologische Schriften, ii, 9) the development of revelation to the growth of a flower. The forma- tive power hidden in the seed manifests itself more and more by the addition of each pair of leaves. This view was followed also by Ph. Hiller in his work "X'eues System aller Vorbilder Christi im Alten Testament" (17.58), and by Crusius in his treatise "Hypomnemata theol. prophetica;" (1764-78). The last-named writer is of the opinion that the figurative development of God's kingdom changes into an historical growth at the time of David; he considers the Kingdom of David as the embrj-o of the King- dom of Christ.

IV. Moderate Use of Types. — Owing to their lack of a clear distinction between type and allegory, Martin Luther and Melanchthon did not esteem the typical sense of Scripture at its true value. Andreas liivetus attempted to draw a fine of distinction between type and allegory (Prsf. ad ps., 45), and Gerhard (Loci, II, 67) closely adhered to his defini- tion. But practically types were used for parenefic rather than theological purposes by Baldwin (Passio Christi typica; Adventus Christi typicus), Bacmeis- ter (Explicatio typorum V. T. Christum expUcan- tium), and other writers of this school. They would have had more confidence in the t>-pical sense of l^cripture had they followed the view of Bishops von Mildert and Mar.sh. For these writers did not leave the typical .sense to the imagination of the individual expositor, but rigidly required competent evidence of the Divine intention that a person or an event was to prefigure another person or event. Even in the Bible they distinguish between examples that are used for the sake of illustration only and those