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 TURPIN

103

TUSCANY

Turpin, Archbishop of Reims, date of birth un- certain; d. 2 Sept., SOO. He was a monk of St. Denis when, about 7.53, he was called to the See of Reims. With eleven other bishops of France he attended the Council of Rome in which Pope Stephen III con- demned the antipope Constantine to perpetual con- finement. He enriched the library of his cathedral by having numerous works copied, and obtained from Charlemagne several privileges for his diocese. Leg- ends grew up around his life, so that by degrees he becomes an epic character who figures in numerous chansons dc gc.tlc, especially in the "Chanson de Ro- land". Furthermore, a chronicle known as the "Hi.s- toria Karoli Magni et Rotholandi" has been attri- buted to him; but that he was not the author is proved by the use in the chronicle of the word 'Lotharingia" which did not exist prior to 855, the mention of the musical chant written on four lines, a custom which does not date back further than 1022, and finally the silence of all the writers of the ninth and tenth centuries regarding this so-called book of Turpin's. The first to mention him is Raoul de Tor- taine, a monk of Fleury, who wrote from 1096 to 1145. At the same time Calistus If regarded the book as authentic, and its diffusion revived the fervour of the pilgrimages to St. James of Compostella. In it is re- lated an apparition of St. .James to Charlemagne; the saint orders the emperor to follow with his army the direction of the Milky Way. which was thenceforth called the " Path of ,St. .J.ames". Gaston Paris considers that the first five chapters of the chronicle attributed to Turpin were written about the middle of the eleventh century by a monk of Compostella, an<l that the remainder were written between 1109 and 1119 by a monk of St. Andre de Vienne. This sec- ond part has a real literary importance, for the monk who WTOte it derived his inspiration from the chansons de gesle and the epic traditions; hence there may be seen in this compilation a very ancient form of these traditions. The chronicle was translated into Latin and French as early as 1206 by the cleric .Jehan, in the service of Renaud de Dammartin, Count of Boulogne. Editions according to various MSS. have been issued at Paris by Castets (1880) and at Lund by Wulff (1881).

Gaston Paris. De pseudo Turpino (Paris, 1865) ; Acracher, Der altfTanzosische Pscudo-Turpin der Arsenalhandschrift in Romaninche Forschungm, V (1889-90); FisqrET. La France pnntificaU: Rrinus (Paris, 1864).

Georges Gotau.

Turrianus, Franciscus. See Torres, Fran- cisco.

Tuscany, a division of central Italy, includes the provinces of .\rez7,o, Florence, Grosseto, Livorno, Massa and Carrara, Pisa, and Siena; area, 9304 sq. miles; population in 1911, 2,900,000. Ecclesiastically it is divided into the provinces of Florence, with 6 suffragan dioceses; Pisa, with 4 suffragans; Siena, with .5 suffragans; the Archdiocese of Lucca; and the immediate Dioceses of Arezzo, Cortona, Montalcino, Montepulciano, and Pienza. The territorj' is es.sen- tially the s.ame as that of ancient Etruria. In the sixth and fifth centuries B. c. the Etruscans were the dominant power in northern and central Italy, and brought Latium and Rome under their supremacy. Towards the end of the sixth century B. c. Rome regained its independence, and from the second half of the fifth century it began a struggle for supremacy. There were many changes of fortune during the long war, but it ended about 2S0 B.C. with the overthrow of Etruria. During the Empire Etruria formed the seventh region of Italy. After the fall of the Western Empire, Tuscany was niled successively by the Germans imder hdoacer, by the Ostrogoths, by the Eastern Empire through Narses, and by the Lom- bards. Tuscany, or Tuscia as it was called in the Middle Ages, became a part of the Frankish Empire

during the reign of Charlemagne and formed a margravate, the margrave of which was also made the ruler several times of the Duchy of Spoleto and Cam- erino. In 1030 the margravate" fell to Boniface of the Canossa family. Boniface was also Duke of Spoleto, Count of Modena, Mantua, and Ferrara, and was the most powerful prince of the empire in Italy. He was followed by his wife Beatrice, first as regent for their minor son who died in 10.55, then as regent for their daughter Matilda; in 1076 Beatrice died. Both she and her d.aughter were enthusiastic adherents of Gregory VII in bis contest with the empire, .\fler

Matilda's death in lll.j her hereditary possessions were for a long time an object of strife between the papacy and the emperors.

During the years 11.39-45 Tuscany was ruled by Margrave Hulderich, who was appointed by the Emperor Conr.ad III. Hulderich was followed by Guelf, brother of Henry the Lion. In 1195 the Em- peror Henry VI gave the margravate in fief to his brother Phihp. In 1209 Otto IV renounced in favour of the papacy all claim to Matilda's lands, as did also the Emperor Frederick II in the Golden Bull of Eger of 1213, but both firmly maintained the rights of the empire in the Tuscan cities. During the struggle between the popes and the emperors, and in the period following the fall of the Hohenstaufens when the throne was vacant, Florence, Siena, Pisa, Lucca, Arezzo, and other Tuscan cities attained constantly increasing independence and autonomy. They ac- quired control also of Matilda's patrimony, so far as it was situated in Tuscany. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries all Tuscany, except Siena and Lucca, came under the suzerainty of Florence and the Medici. In 1523 the Emperor Charles V made Alessandro Medici hereditary Duke of Florence. The last Tuscan towns that still enjoyed inde- pendence were acquired by Alessandro's successor Cosimo I (1.537-74) partly by cimning and brib- ery, partly with Spanish aid by force of arms. In 1.557 Philip II, who required Cosimo's aid against the pope, granted him Siena which in 1.555 had surrendered to the emperor. Only a small part of Sienese territory remained Spanish as the Stato dcgli presidi. Thus the Medici acquired the whole of Tuscany, and in 1569 the poi)e made Cosimo Grand Duke of Tuscany. Although at the beginning of Cosimo's reign there were several conspiracies, especially by the exiled families, the Fiwriscili, the Florentines gradually became accustomed to the absolute governmeni of the ruler. Cosimo had created a well-ordered stale out of the chaos existing previously, and had established this state on the foimdation of justice, equality of all citizens, good