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 TURIN

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TURIN

Prince Thomas of Savoy. Still more memorable is the siege of Turin in 1706, again at the hands of the French, from which il wus xelieved by Prince Eugene and by the sacrifice of Pietro Micca. During the French occupation it was the capital of the Depart- ment of the Po (179S-1S14), though it was in_the hands of the Austro-Russian forces from May, 1799, until June, 1800. In 1S21 the revolution against Charles Emanuel broke out, and a provisional govern- ment was set up, the king abdicating in favour of his

brother Charles Felix. After that, Turin was the centre of all Italian movements for the union of the Peninsula, whether monarchical or repubhcan. The transfer of the capital of the Kingdom of Italy from Turin to Florence, in 1864, caused another, though not important, revolution (21, 22 September).

The most ancient traditions of Christianity at Turin are connected with the martyrdom of Sts. Ad- ventor, Solutor, and Candida, who were much ven- erated in the fifth century, and were in later times included in the Theban Legion. As to the episcopal see, it is certain that in the earUer half of the fourth century Turin was subject to Vercelli. Perhaps, how- ever, St. Eusebius, Bishop of Vercelli, on his return from exile, provided the city with a pastor of its own. In any case St. Maximus can hardly be considered the first Bishop of Turin, even though no other bishop is known before him. This saint, many of whose homi- lies are extant, died between 408 and 423. It was another Maximus who lived in 451 and 465. In 494 Victor went with St. Epiphanius to France for the ran- som of prisoners of war. St. Ursicinus (569-609) suffered much from the depredations of the French. It was then that the Diocese of Moriana (Maurienne) was detaclied from that of Turin. Other bishops were Rusticus (d. 691); Claudius (818-27), a copious, though not original, writer, famous for his opposition to the veneration of inuiges; Reginiirus (of uncertain date, in the ninth century), who established a rule of common life among liis canons; Amolone (880-98), who incurred the ill-will of the Turinese and wjis driven out by them; Gezone (1000), who founded the monastery of the holy martyrs Solutor, Adventor, and

Candida; Landolfo (1037), who founded the Abbey of Cavour and repaired the losses inflicted on his Church by the Saracen incursions; Cuniberto (1046- 81), to whom St. Peter Damian wrote a letter exhort- ing him to repress energetically the la.xity of his clergy; Uguccione (1231-43), who abdicated the bishopric and became a Cistercian; Guido Canaie (1320), who founded a hospital at Pinerolo and enlarged the cathedral; Thomas of Savoy (1328). Under Gianfrancesco della Rovere (1510), Turin was detached from the metropolitan obedience of Milan and became an archiepiscopal see with MondoNi and Ivrea for suffragans, other sees being added later on. In the time of Cesare Cibo the diocese was infested with the Calvinistic heresy, and his successors were also called upon to combat it. Cardinal Gerolamo della Rovere, in 1564, brought to Turin the Holy Shroud and the body of St. Maurice, the martyr.

From 1713 to 1727, owing to difficulties with the Holy .See, the See of Turin remained vacant. After 1848 Cardinal Luigi Fransoni (18.32-62) distinguished liiinself by his courageous opposition to the encroach- ments of the Piedmontese Government upon the rights of the Churchy and in consequence was obliged to live in exile. Notable among his successors arf Cardinal Alimonda (1883-91), a polished writer, and Cardinal Richelmy (1S97), the present incumbent ol tlie see. The dioceses suffragan to Turin are Acqui .\lba, Aosta, Asti, Cuneo, Fossano, Ivrea, Mondo\'i Pinerolo, Saluzzo, and Susa. The archdiocese com- l)ri.ses 276 parishes with 680,600 souls, 1405 seculai and 280 regular priests, 35 communities of male and 51 of female religious, 15 educational establishmentf for boys and 27 for girls. There are two Catholic dail) newspapers, "Momento" and ''Italia Reale", twc weeklies, and many other instructive and edifying periodicals.

Cappelletti, Chiese d'llalia, XIV; Savio, Gli anlichi vescov. del Piemonte (Turin, 1899), 281; Cibrario. Slorin di Torini (Turin, 1846) ; Isaia, Torino e dintorni (Turin. 1909) ; Semeria Sloria della chiesa di Torino (Turin, 1840); Guida commerciale <•( amministrativa di Torino (Turin, 1911); Cenni storico-statistic. delle istituzioni publiche e private di beneficenza e di assistenza de Comunedi Torino (Turin. 1906); Rondolino, Itiscontidi Torino in BoCletiino Slorico Subalpino (Pinerolo, 1901-02).

The University of Turin was founded in 1404 when the lectures at Piacenza and Pavia were inter- rupted by the wars of Lombardy. Some of the pro- fessors of theology, medicine, and arts at Piacenzt obtained permission from Louis of Savoy-Acaia tt continue their courses at Turin. This prince hac obtained from the antipope Benedict XIII, in 1405 the pontifical privilege for a studiuin geywrale, and ii 1412 the permission of the emperor was likewise granted. In the following year John XXIII con- firmed the concessions of Benedict XIII renderec necessary by the wars which had disturbed th( sludiu7n'o{ Turin. The studium then comprised three faculties: theology, law (canon and civil), medicine (with arts and philosophy). The Archbishop o Turin was always chancellor of the university. A; at Bologna, therector continued for a long time to b( chosen from their own body by the students, wlio ii 1679 represented thirteen nations. The professors salaries were paid by the communes of Savoy; bu from 1420 the clergy also contributed, and at a late period the dukes. In the seventeenth century th( university levied a tax on the Jews. Under Duki Amedeo "VIII, the State began to restrict thi autonomy of the stwiium by means of rifonnalor and subjected the professors and students in erimina matters to ordinary jurisdiction. From 1427 to 143( the se.at of the university was temporarily trans ferred to Chieri and Savignano (1434). The numbe of salaried professors in the years 1456 and 1531 was twenty-five (only two of theology), but th( number of" lecturers was much greater; e. g., in th statutes of the theological faculty (1427-36) nineteei