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 TUNSTALL

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TUNSTALL

lissionary work and the foundation of educational istitutions were inaugurated in the decade 1870- 580. About the same time the demands for the loption of a more progressive and liberal church olicy became more and more insistent, and in 1881- 2 led to division. Two extreme parties, "the Pro- ■essives" and the "Old Order Brethren", separated om the main body, which henceforth was known the "Conservative Tunkers". These obey the inual conference as the central authority, and have ministry composed of bishops or elders, ministers, 11(1 deacons. They maintain schools in various at. s, own a printing plant at Elgin, Illinois, and iililish the"Gospel Messenger" as their official organ. .Membership, 3006 ministers, 880 churches, 100,000 >niniiinicants.) The Progressives hold that the (•( isioiis of the annual conference do not bind the iulividual conscience, that its regulations concerning ilain attire need not be observed, and that each con- i'l'gation shall independently administer its own iffairs. (Statistics, 186 ministers, 219 churches, 18,607 onimunicants.) The Old Order Brethren are unal- terably attached to the old practices; they are opposed ^ liigh schools, Sunday schools, and missionary activ- y; they have still, according to the long prevalent ustom of the sect, an unsalaried ministry and are xtinnely plain in dress. (228 ministers; 75 churches; 01 in communicants.)

Ill'- -f;itistic3 throughout are those of Carroll in Christian

y '7^ fMew York, 26 Jan., 1911). Beside the minutes of the

nni; l! Meeting, consult on the doctrine: Mack, A Plain View

'■< . liilex and Ordinances of the House of God (Mt. Morris, 1888),

i! ^IM LER, Doctrine of the Brethren Defended (Indianapolis,

I'liCMBAUOH, History of the German Baptist Brethren in

fid America (Elgin, 189!)); Falkenstein. History of the

iinptist Brethren Church (Lancaster. 1901); Holsinqer,

fihe Tunkers and the Brethren Churches (.OaUand, 1901);

]i I 1 N. The Dunkers (New York, 1906).

N. A. Weber.

Tunstall, Cuthbert, Bishop of London, later of )urhaTii, b. at Hackforth, Yorkshire, in 1474; d. t I.aiTibeth Palace, 18 Nov., 1559. He studied uth at O.xford and Cambridge, finally graduating .1, I), at Padua. Being an accompli.shed scholar nib. in theology and law, as well as in Greek and I'lmw, he soon won the friendship of .\rchbishop \ nil iru, who on 25 Aug., 1511, made him his chan- • ll< I, .end shortly after rector of Harrow-on-the-Hill. I' 1 ' ramesuccessively a canon of Lincoln (1514) and 1' li iracon of Chester (1515). He began his diplo-

I ' i ■ lareer as amba.ssador at Brussels, in conjunction I 1 1 Su- Thomas More, and there he lodged with Eras- I')- liiToming the intimate friend of both of them. niilii r preferments and emb.a,ssies fell to his lot, till

I ! "_'J he was appointed Bi-shop of London by papal

Mil. On 25 May, 1.523, he became keeper of the ■ral; but neither the work this entailed nor iibassies prevented him from making a visita- liis diocese. A visit to Worms (1520-1) had I his eye.s to the dangers of the Lutheran move- iricl the evils ari-^ing from heretical literature.

II 1 ]]'■ divorce question Tunstall acted as one of Queen \atliirine's counsel, but he endeavoured to dissuade w r fr.wii appealing to Rome. On 21 PVb., 1.529-.30, II- '.vas tran.slated by the pope from the Diocese of

nrili.n to the more important See of Durham, a step

vlii ii involved the .•ussimijit ion of f|uasi-regal power

ml authority within the bi.shopric (see Durham,

\m II \t C.\TiioLir DiocKSE of). During the trou-

il 'I \i;irs that followed, TunstiiU wa.s far from iini-

I'liic ihe constancy of Fisher and More, yet he ever

1' 11 i'« Catholic doctrine ;ind practices. He adopted

I ! ' Ii ly of passive obedience and acquiescence in

natters with which he could have had no sym-

With regard to the suppression of the mon-

I -. the king's ministers so feared his influence

hat they prevented his attendance at Parliament.

In 1.5.37 Tunstall was given the onerous position of President of the Council of the North, and Scottish

affairs occupied much of his attention. Towards the end of Henry's reign he twice was sent on diplomatic business to France. Under the protectorate of Som- erset his religious position became very difficult, but he yielded so far in compliance to the new changes that Gardiner protested. But the lengths to which the reformers went opened his eyes to the real sig- nificance of the royal supremacy; a change came over his attitude, and he staunchly maintained the Catho- lic side, steadily opposing the abolition of chantries, the Act of Uni- formity, and the law permitting priests to marry. He seems to have hoped that War- wick might be in- duced to reverse the anti-Catholic policy of Somerset , but this hope soon failed, and in 1551 he was summoned to London and con- fined to his house there. During this captivity he com- posed his treatise, "De Veritate Cor- poris et Sanguinis Domini nostri Jesu Christi in Eu charis t i a", published at Paris in 1554. At the end of 1551 he was removed to the Tower, and a bill for his deprivation was introduced. A\Tien this failed, he was tried by a commission (4-5 Oct., 1552) and deprived of his bi.shopric. On Mary's accession he was liberated, and his bishopric, which had been dissolved by Act of Parliament in March,

1553, wa,s re-established by a further .Act in April,

1554. Through Mary's reign he, being now an octo- genarian, ruled his diocese in |k a.i'. i;iking little part either in public affairs or in the pn^n ution of here- tics; but on the accession of Mlizahil li his firmness in resisting the fresh innovations marked him out for the royal displeasure. He declined to take the oath of supremacy, was summoned to London, and when or- dered to consecrate Parker refused to do so. Shortly afterwards he was deprived of his see (28 Sept., 1559) and committed to Parker's care as a prisoner at Lam- beth Palace, where within a few weeks he died. He thus became one of the eleven confessor-bishops who died prisoners for the Faith.

His works, exclusive of published letters and ser- mon.s, are: "De Arte Supputandi Libri IV" (London, 1.522); "Confutatio cavillationum ciuibus SS. Eu- charistiffi Sacramentum ab impiis Caphernaitis impeti solet" (Paris, 1.5.52); "De veritate Corporis et San- guinis Domini in Eucharistia Libri II" (Paris, 1554); "Compendium in decern libros ethicorum Aristo- telis" (Paris, 1554); "Certaine godly and devout prayers made in L.atin by C. Tunstall and translated into Englishe by Thomas Paynelle, Gierke" (London, 15.58). Much of his political correspondence is pre- served in the British Museum. Despite his weakness under Henry \']]\, we may endor.se the verdict of the Anglican historian, Pollird, who writes (op. cit. inf.): "Tunstall's long career of eighty-five years, for thirty- seven of which he was a bishop, is one of the most con- sistent and honourable in the sixteenth century. The extent of the religious revolution under Edward VI caused him to reverse his views on the royal suprem- acy and he refused to change them again under Elizabeth."