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 TUNIC

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TUNIC

moon) ; it is a curious example of the manner in which the Church was able to sanctify and Christianize many pagan customs. Legend places the institution of this feast in 1346 or i:i4S, about the time of the Black Death. It would seem to have been thq result of a vow made in honour of St. John the Baptist. M. Maximin Deloche has shown that this legend is baseless; that the worship of the sun existed in Gaul down to the .seventh century, according to the testi- mony of St. Eligius, and that the feast of St. John's Nativity, 24 June, was substituted for the pagan fes- tival of the summer .solstice, so that the lour de la lunade was an old pagan custom, sanctified by the

The Cathllu

Church, which changed it to an act of homage to St. John the Baptist.

Among the saints specially honoured in, or con- nected with the diocese, besides those already men- tioned, are: St. Fereola, martyr (date uncertain); St. Martin of Brive, disciple of St. Martin of Tours, and martyr (fifth centurj-; ; St.Duminus, hermit (early sixth centurj'); at .\rgentat, St. Sacerdos, who was Bishop of Limoges when he retired into solitude (sixth cen- tury); St. Vincentianus (Viance),hennit (seventh cen- tury); St. Liberalis, Bishop of Embnm, (lied in 940 at Brive, his native place; St. Reynier, provost of Beau- lieu, died at the beginning of the tenth century; St. Stephen of Obazine, b. about lOS.i, founder of the monasterj' for men at Obazine, and that for women at Coyroux; St. Bertholii of Malcfayde, first general of the Carmehtes, and whose brother Aymeric was Patri- arch of Antioch (twelfth centurj). Etienne Baluzc, the learned historian (16.58-1718), was a native of Tulle, and the missionary Dumoulin Borie (1808-38), who was martyred in Tonquin, was bom in the dio- cese. The chief pilgrimages of the diocese are: Notre- Dame-de-Belpeuch, at Camps, dating from the ninth or tenth centun.'; Xotre-Dame-fie-Chastre at Bar, datingfrom the seventeenth centurj-; Xotre-Dame-du- Pont-du-Salut, which goes back totheseventeenth cen- turj-; Notre-Dame-du-Roe at Ser\'i^res, dating from 1691; Notre-Dame-fi'Eygurande, dating from 1720; Notre-Dame-de-La-Buissidre-Lestard. which was a

place of pilgrimage before the seventeenth century; Notre-Dame-de-La-Chabanne at Ussel, dates from 1140; Notro-Dame-de-Ponnacorn at Neuvic, dating from the end of the fifteenth centurj-.

Before the application of the Law of 1901, the Dio- cese of Tulle contained Carthusians, Franciscans, Sul- picians, Assumptionists, Fathers of the Third Order of St. Francis of Assisi, and manj- teaching congrega- tions of Brothers. The teaching .Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Marj- had their mother-house at Triegnac. The religious congregations were in charge of 6 nur- series, 2 orphanages for boj-s, 5 ori'hanages for girls, 1 Good Shepherd Home, 1 home for the poor, 15 hos- pitals or hospices, 10 district nursing institutions, and 1 lunatic asj-lum. At the time of the breach of the Concordat in 190.5 the diocese had 318,422 inhabi- tants, 34 first-class parishes, 255 succursal parishes, and 71 curacies r;uiil"irtr.l t,v the State.

Gallia Christiann ,11 1 7.'il), 661-80, instrum.. 203, 320;

Champevai,, Le B'l I'Tique et TeUgimx; Ceographie

de la Corrize (2 voif.. I. l-- -, lsU4. 1899); PonLBBi 6 re, ffis-

ioire du diocise de TiUle (lulie. 18S5): Idem, Dictionnaire archio- logique et historique des paroisses'du diocese de Tulle (2 vols.. Tulle, 1894-99); Champeval, Cartulaire de I'abbaye b^dictine St- Martin de Tulle (Brive, 1903); Deloche, Mtmoire sur la pro- cession dite de la Lunade et les feux de Saint Jean a Tulle in Mimoires de V Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, XXXII (1891); Les principaux sanctuaires consacres n la Sainte Vierge ou diucHe de Tulle (2d ed.. Tulle, 1886) ; Niel, Hist, des ivlques de T. ill Bull, de la soc. hist, de la Corrize (1880 4).

Georges Goyau.

Tunic. — Bv tunic is understood in general a vest- ment .shaped like a sack, which has in the closed upper part onlv a slit for putting the garment over the head, tmI, on the sides, either sleeves or mere sUts through 1 1 ich the arms can be passed. The expressions under- iuic or over-tunic are used accordinglj- as the tunic IS emploj-ed as an outer vestment or under another. A tunic that reaches to the feet is called a gown" tunic [tunica talaris, Gr. iroS-^pris) \ a tunic without sleeves or with short sleeves is called colobium; one which leaves the right shoulder free, exomis (f^wfus). By funic {tuniceila) is understood in hturgical language that sacerdotal upper vestment of the subdeacon which corresponds to the dalmatic of the deacon. .\rpording t« present usage the dalmatic and tunic are alike both as regards form and ornamentation. They also agree in the manner of use as well as in the fact that the tunic, like the dalmatic, is one of the essential vestments worn at the pontifical Mass by the bishop. It is unneceesarj- here to go into full details, but it will suffice in regard to form, ornamentation, and use to refer to what is said under dalmatic (q. v.). As regards the form, according to the directions of the " Caremoniale Episcoporum", the tunic should be distinguished from the dalmatic bj- narrower sleeves, but this is hardly observed even in the pontifical tunic, which is worn under the dalmatic. The bishop himself puts the tunic on the newly-ordained sub- deacon with the words: "Maj- the Lord clothe thee with the tunic of joj- and the garment of rejoicing. In the name", etc.

History. — AccoriUng to a letter of Pope .Saint Gregory the Great to Bishop John of Syracuse, the sub- diaconal tunic wiis, for a time, customary at Rome as earlj- as the six-th centurj-. Gregory, however, sup- pres.sed it and returned to the older usage. From this time on, therefore, the Roman subdeacon once more wore the planela (chasuble) as the outer gannent until, in the ninth century, the tunic again came into use among them as the outer vestment. As early as the sixth centurj-. a subdiaconal tunic was worn in Spain, which, according to the ninth canon of the sj-nod of Braga, was hardlj- or not at all distinguish- able from the diaconal tunic, the so-called alb. No notice of a tunic worn by subdcacons has been pre- served from the pre-CaroIingian era in Gaul, j-et such a vestment was \indoubtedly in use in France as in Spain. There is certain proof of its use in the PVankisb