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 TUBUN*

84

TUCSON

mineralogico-geologicaland zoological institute (1902) ; the institute for chemistry (1903-07); the new oph- thalmological clinic (1907-09). A new building for the library, housed tiU now in the castle, is in course of construction; the library contains 4145 manuscripts and 513,313 volumes. The regular professors num- bered 56 in the summer term of 1911; honorary and adjunct professors, Dozents, 71; matriculated students, 2118, and non-matriculated persons permitted to attend the lectures, 145, making a total of 2263. Since the reign of King Frederick I the university has become more and more a state institution; its in- come for 1911 was 439,499 marks ($104,382), while the grant from the State for the year was 1,366,847 marks ($324,626).

In the Protestant theological faculty the critical view of theological history held by Ferdinand Chris- tian Baur led to the founding of the later Tubingen School, to which belong, besides the founder, Albert Schwegler, Karl Christian Planck, Albert Ritschl, Julius Kostlin, Karl Christian Johannes Holsten, Adolf Hilgenfeld, Karl Weizsacker and Edward Zeller. Other distinguished theologians, who were somewhat more positive in their views, were Johann Tobias Beck, and Christian David Frederick Palmer. David Frederick Strauss, a follower of Hegel, wrote his "Life of Jesus" while a tutor at Tiibingen. The distinguished teachers and scholars of the Cath- olic theological faculty are often called the Catholic Tubingen School. The characteristic of this school is positive and historical rather than speculative or philosophical. Above all should be mentioned the great Catholic theologian of the nineteenth century, Johann Adam Mohler ; further : Johann Sebast ian Drey, Johann Baptist Hirscher, Benedict Welte, Johann Evangelist Kuhn, Karl Joseph Hefde.Moritz Aberlc, Felix Himpel, Franz Quirin Kober, Franz Xaver Lin- senmann, Franz Xaver Funk, Paul Schanz, and Paul Vetter. Distinguished professors of law were: Karl Georg Wachter, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Gerber, Alois Brinz, Gustav Mandry, and Hugo Meyer. Among the noted members of the faculty of poHtical science were: Robert Mohl, Albert EbeVhard Friedrich Schaffle, Gustav Rlimelin, Gustav Friedrich Schonberg, and Friedrich Julius Neumann. Among the noted mem- bers of the medical faculty were: Victor Bruns, Fehx Niemeyer, Karl Liebermeister, and Johannes Siix- inger. In natural science should be mentioned: Hugo Mohl, Theodore Eimer, and Lothar Meyer. Of the philosophical faculty should be mentioned Friedrich Theodor Vischer, writer on aesthetics; the philosopher Christopher Sigwart ; the classical philologists Chris- tian Walz and Wilhelm Sigismund TeufTel; the Orien- talists Julius Mohl, Georg Hoinrich Ewald, and Walter Rudolf Roth; the Gennanists Ludwig Uhland and Heinrich Adalbert Keller; the historians Juhus Weiz- sacker and Hermann Alfred Gutschmid; and the geologist Friedrich August Quenstedt.

Klupfel and Eifert, Gesrhichte und Beschreibung der Sfadt u-nd UniversUAt Tubingen (Tiihinepn, 1849); Klupfel. Dif Universit&t Tubingen in ihrer Veraangenheit und Gegenn'nH (Leipzig, 1877); Urkundemur Gesrhichle der Universildt Tubingen aus den Jahren H75-1650 (TiihinRpn. 1877); Weizsacker. Lehrer und Unterrirht an der evangelisch-lheologischen Fakultdl der Universifdt Tubingen von der Reformation bia zur Gegenivart (Tiibingen, 1877): Funk, Die kalhoUsche LandesunirersiMI in EUi'-angen und ihre Verlegung nach Tiibingen (Tiibingen, 1877) ; Sproll, Freiburger Dihzemnarchiv (1902), 105 sq.; Ru^iELiN, Jieden und Aufa/ltze, IH (Tubingen, 1.S94), 37 sq.; Hermelink, Die Iheologische Fakulttll in Tiibingen tor der Reformation 1477- IBSi (Tubingen, IflOfi); Idem, Die Malrikeln der Universildt Tubingen: vol. I, Die Malrikeln von 1477-1600 (Stuttgart, 1906). For further l)ibliographv of. Erman and Horn, Bibliographie der deutsehen Unirersiiaien, II (Leipzig, 1904), 996 .sq.

Johannes Baptist Sagmuller.

Tubunae, a titular see in Mauretania Caesarien- sis, according to the "Gerarchia cattolica", or in Nu- midia according to Rattandier, "Anniiaire pontifical catholique" (Paris, 1910), 345. The offi(^ial list of the Roman Curia docs not mention it. The confu-

sion is explained by the fact that it was located at the boundary of the two provinces. Becking, in his notes to the "Notitia dignitatum" (Bonn, 1839), 52.3, and Toulotte ("Geog. de I'Afrique chret., Mauie- tanies", Montreuil, 1894, p. 171), speak of two distinct cities, while Miiller ("Notes to Ptolemy", IV, 12, ed. Didot, I, 611) admits only one, and his opinion seems the more plausible. It was a municipium and also an important frontier post in command of a procpositus limilis Tubuniensis. St. Augustine and St. Alypius sojourned there as guests of Count Boniface (Ep. ccxx). In 479 Huneric exiled thither a large number of Catholics. Its ruins, known as Tobna, are in the Department of (ionstantine, Algeria, at the gates of the Sahara, west of the Chott el-Hodna, the "Sahna^ Tubunenses" of the Romans. They are very extensive, for three successive towns occupied different sites, under the Romans, the Byzantines, and the Arabs. Besides the remains of the fortress, the most remarkable monument is a church now used as a mosque.

Three bishops of Tubunae are known. St. Nemes- ianus a.ssisted at the Council of Carthage in 256. St. Cyprian often speaks of him in his letters, and we have a letter which he wrote to St. Cyprian in his own name and in the name of those who were condemned with him to the mines. An inscription testifies to his cult at Tixter in 360, and the Roman Martyrology mentions him on 10 September. Another bishop was Cresconius, who usurped the see after quitting Bulla Regia, and assi,sted at the Council of Carthage in 411, where his rival was the Donatist Protasius. A third, Reparatus, was exiled by Huneric in 484.

Toulotte, Geog. de I'Afrique chret.. Numidie (Paris, 1894), 318- 21; Diehl, L'Afrique byzantine (Paris, 1896), passim.

S. Petrides.

Tucson, Diocese of (Tucsonensis), suffragan of the Archdiocese of Santa Fe. It comprises the State of Arizona and the southernmost counties of New Mexico, an extent of 131,212 sq. miles, most of which is desert land. The Catholic population is approxi- mately 48,500, mostly Mexicans. There are 43 priests, 27 parishes, 43 missions, 100 stations, 7 academies, 10 parochial schools, 3 Indian schools, 1 orphanage, 5 hospitals.

Up to 1853, date of the Gadsden purchase, Arizona was part of the Mexican Diocese of Durango. In 1859 it was annexed by the Holy See to the Diocese of Santa Fe, made a vicariate Apostolic in 1868, and erected a diocese by Leo XIII in 1897. The first vicar Apostolic was the most Rev. J. B. Salpointe, followed by the Most Rev. P. Bourgade, who both died archbishops of Santa Fe, the former in 1898, the latter in 1908. They were succeeded by Bishop Henry Granjon, born in 1863, consecrated in the cathedral of Baltimore, 17 June, 1900. The mission founded by French missionaries has remained in charge of priests mostly of the same nationality, assi.sted bv Franciscan Fathers of the St. Louis and Cincinnati provinces, who attend principally to the Indi.aii missions, and by the Sisters of St. Joseph, of Mercy, of Loretto, of the Blessed Sacrament, of St. Dominic, and of the Precious Blood. The full-blood Indians in the diocese number 40,000: Apache, Chimehuivi, Hualpai, Maricopa, Mohave, Moqui, Navajo, Pdpago Pima, Vava Supai. About 4000 are Catholics. They were visited by the Spanish mis- sionaries as early as 1539 (Fray Marcos de Niza), and evangelized in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries l)y the Franciscans and the Jesuits. Of the churches then built two remain: Tumacacuri (now partlv in ruins'), and San Xavier del Bac, nine miles south of Tucson, founded by Father Kino, S.J., in 1699, and kept in a perfect state of preservation by the constant attention and liberal care of the clergy of Tucson. It is considered the best example of the Spanish Renaissance mission style north of Mexico,